4>"fw 


N11^  COMMITTEE 

ON 
&E&EMQNIES 


Emil  G.   Beck 


MEMORIAL  VOLUME. 


DEDICATORY  AND  OPENING 
CEREMONIES 


OF  THE 


WORLD'S 

COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


HISTORICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE. 
AS  AUTHORIZED  BY   BOARD   OF   CONTROL 


EDITED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  JOINT  COMMITTEE  ON  CEREMONIES 

OF  THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  COMMISSION  AND  THE 

WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITON. 


WITH  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PUBLISHED    BY 

STONE,   KASTLER   &   PAINTER, 

309-310  GARDEN  CITY  BLOCK,  56  FIFTH  AVENUE, 

CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 

1893. 


C 


Entered  According  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  Year  1893  by 

STONE,  ^jwsrtrER  &  FAINTER, 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  al  Washington,  D.  C. 


After  an  examination  of  the  work  of  the  prominent  engraving  establish- 
ments of  the  country,  the  committee  having  the  illustration  of  this  work 
in  charge  unanimously  agreed    upon   the  house  of   J.    Manz  & 
Co.,   Chicago,  as    having   much   superior  facilities  for  the 
execution    of   high    grade    half-tone    engraving. 


THE   HENRY   O.   SHEPARD   CO., 

PRINTERS  AND  BOOKBINDERS, 

CHICAGO. 


J^Lf^jL^^   *3rxr***A     C«n*t~~ 


935152 


CHRISTOPHER     COLUMBUS. 


I.     HIS  EXCELLENCY,  CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS,  THE         4.     PILAR  COLUMBUS,   DAUGHTER  OF  THE   DUKE. 


DUKE'S  SON. 

2.  THE   MARQUIS  OP  BARIBOLES. 

3.  MR.  CHARLES   AGUILERA. 


5.  THE   MARQUIS  OF  VILLILOBAR. 

6.  HIS  EXCELLENCY,   PETER   COLUMBUS,  SON  OF 

THE  MARQUIS  OF  BARIBOLES. 


.        (X 


CONVENT     LA     RABIDA  — Agricultural   Building  in    Background. 


CALIFORNIA    STATE     BUILDING  —  Reproduction   of  Spanish    Monastery. 


11 


13 


*  2 

O    uj- 


15 


THE  GROWTH  OF  EXPOSITIONS. 


TO  THE  student  of  the  world's  progress,  no  question  is  more  interesting  than 
the  efforts  of  one  race,  or  one  nation  to  avail  itself  of  the  advancement  made 
by  other  countries  in   art,  science  and  invention.      The  artisan,    the  mechanic 
or  the  artist,  who  has  the  opportunity,  to  study  by  personal  inspection  the  works  of 
other  lands,  can  gain  valuable  knowledge.    The  statesmen  of  Europe  in  the  seventeenth 
century  first  made  a  study  of  this  great  problem,  an  1  laid   the  foundation  for  the 
National  and  International   Expositions,  which  culminated  in  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  of  1893. 

During  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  the  countries  of  Europe  were 
wont  to  send  abroad  their  most  eminent  scholars,  artists  and  mechanics,  to  study  the 
?ecrets  of  manufacture  and  art  held  by  other  nations.  International  brotherhood  had 
not  yet  been  placed  on  that  broad  plane  which  makes  it  the  highest  pleasure  to  impart 
knowledge  to  others.  It  was  not  until  the  emigration  of  the  Huguenots,  that  many  of 
the  industrial  secrets  of  France  were  imparted  to  the  world.  So  jealously  were  secrets 
of  manufacture  guarded,  that  Peter  the  Great,  of  Russia,  labored  in  disguise  as  a 
common  workman  in  a  Dutch  shipyard,  to  learn  the  art  of  shipbuilding.  Each  nation 
locked  within  its  breast  the  skill  of  its  artificers,  and  each  family  and  community  kept 
behind  barred  doors  the  special  secrets  of  its  trade.  But  gradually,  liberality  of  mind 
brought  about  a  change,  and  finally  tore  away  the  bolts  and  bars  from  the  factory  and 
the  workshop.  The  artist,  the  tradesman  and  the  mechanic,  began  to  exhibit  their 
handiwork;  first  in  their  native  town,  then  in  the  larger  cities,  until  finally  the  whole 
world  has  been  drawn  together  at  Chicago,  to  study  the  art,  the  invention,  and  the 
skill  of  all  nations. 

The  great  educational  work  first  began  with  the  London  National  Exposition  of 
1761.  The  English  Society  of  Art  originated  the  idea  of  national  industrial  exhibi- 
tions. Prizes  were  offered  for  displays  of  machinery  and  mechanical  devices,  which 
were  exhibited  in  the  rooms  of  the  society  in  London.  No  other  nation  was  admitted 
as  an  exhibitor.  The  advertisement  announcing  the  exhibition  promised  that  all  dis- 
plays should  be  guarded  by  the  society,  which  guaranteed  that  no  "foreign  spies  " 
would  be  allowed  admittance,  and  that  no  drawings  of  the  machinery  on  exhibition 
should  be  made.  As  narrow  as  were  the  views  taken,  and  as  crude  and  primitive  as 
were  the  few  devices  to  be  seen  in  the  halls  of  this  society,  this  display  served  the 
purpose  to  turn  the  attention  of  other  nations  to  the  advantages  accruing  from  such 
Expositions. 

France  was  next  in  order,  with  the  National  Exposition  held  in  Paris  in  1798. 
There  were  only  one  hundred  and  ten  exhibitors,  as  the  country  was  yet  trembling 
with  the  recollection  of  the  "reign  of  terror. "  It  is  a  strange  commentary  on  the 
spirit  of  the  Eighteenth  century  that  at  this  Industrial  Exposition  a  gold  medal  was 
offered  to  the  manufacturer  whose  goods  should  prove  the  most  disastrous  to  the  trade 
of  England.  In  1801  another  Exposition  threw  open  its  doors  in  the  French  capital. 

17 


It  was  more  successful  than  the  first,  and  another  Exposition  was  opened  tho  following 
year.  These  were  followed  by  like  expositions  in  1806,  1819,  1823,  1827,  1834, 
1839,1844,  and  1849.  At  the  Exposition  of  1849,  which  was  the  last  National  Expo- 
sition in  France,  there  were  nearly  five  thousand  exhibitors.  As  narrow  as  were  the 
views  of  their  promoters,  and  as  selfish  and  bigoted  as  were  the  reasons  which  led 
them  to  exclude  other  countries,  these  Expositions  exerted  a  wonderful  influence  upon 
the  commerce  and  industries  of  that  country.  Napoleon  himself  encouraged  and 
planned  trades  displays,  and  earl 3^  in  their  history  Tallerand  said,  "that  in  fostering 
such  enterprises  lies  hidden  the  future  glory  of  France." 

Meanwhile,  England  was  pursuing  a  like  course,  and  other  European  nations  were 
striving  to  excel  in  the  arts  of  peace.  In  1820,  a  National  Exposition  was  held  in 
Vienna,  followed  by  similar  affairs  in  1835,  and  again  in  1849.  Germany,  too,  fol- 
lowed in  the  wake,  and  a  National  Exposition  was  held  in  Berlin  in  1822,  and  again 
in  1827,  and  the  third  and  most  successful  exposition  in  1844,  at  which  there  were 
over  three  thousand  exhibitors.  It  was  these  Expositions  that  made  Berlin  the  center 
of  German  art  and  German  industry. 

A  number  of  National  Expositions  were  held  at  Dresden  between  1824  and  1845. 
Since  that  time  the  people  of  Saxony  have  made  liberal  displays  at  the  Expositions  of 
other  countries,  and  by  carefully  studying  the  industries  of  other  nations,  have 
advanced  the  mechanical  arts  in  their  own  country. 

Switzerland  had  national  exhibitions  between  1837  and  1848,  Lausanne,  Berne, 
St.  Gall  and  Zurich  being  selected  as  locations.  Belgium  had  national  exhibitions 
which  were  held  in  Brussels  and  Ghent,  between  1835  and  1850  ;  national  exhibitions 
were  held  at  Moscow,  St.  Petersburg  and  Warsaw,  in  Russia,  between  1829  and  1849  ; 
at  Lisbon,  in  Portugal,  between  1844  and  1849  ;  in  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia  between 
1829  and  1855  ;  at  Madrid,  in  Spain,  between  1827  and  1850  ;  at  New  York  and 
Washington,  in  the  United  States,  between  1828  and  1844,  and  in  England  and  Ire- 
land, periodically,  from  the  time  of  the  first  exhibition,  until  1849,  the  last  great 
national  exhibition  in  the  United  Kingdom  being  held  at  Birmingham  in  that  year. 

National  exhibitions  practically  went  out  of  fashion  all  the  world  over  between 
1840  and  1850.  Between  these  years,  London  was  gathering  force  and  material  for  the 
first  great  international  exposition.  The  nations  of  the  earth  were  to  be  pitted  against 
each  other  for  the  first  time.  The  various  countries  were  husbanding  their  strength 
for  this  great  contest.  They  felt  that  if  the  London  exhibition  were  successful,  the 
great  exhibitions  of  the  future  must  be  international  in  character.  This  has  proved 
to  be  the  case,  although  many  local  or  minor  exhibitions  of  great  interest  to  the  coun- 
tries in  which  they  were  held,  have  bean  conducted  successfully  since  1851. 

The  first  intarnational  exposition  was  held  in  London  in  1851,  under  a  royal  com- 
mission. The  main  building  of  this  exhibition  has  become  famous  as  the  "Crystal 
Palace."  It  was  designed  by  Sir  Joseph  Paxton.  The  general  plan  was  a  parallelo- 
gram, 1848  feet  long  and  408  feet  wide.  On  the  north  side  there  was  a  projection  936 
feet  long.  The  entire  structure  covered  1,000,000  square  feet.  There  were  four 
great  departments  of  the  exhibition — raw  material,  machinery,  manufactures,  and  fine 
arts.  These  departments  were  subdivided  into  thirty  classes.  One  half  of  all  the 
space  was  alotted  to  England  and  her  colonies,  and  one  half  to  foreign  countries.  The 
number  of  exhibitors  was  13,937,  of  whom  6,861  were  from  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, 520  from  the  colonies,  and  6,556  from  the  rest  of  the  world.  The  estimated 

Ifl 


value  of  the  exhibits  was  £1,781,929,  or  about  $9,000,000.  The  admission  price  was 
one  shilling,  or  about  twenty-four  cents,  for  four  days  in  the  week,  on  Fridays  two  shil- 
lings and  six  pence,  and  on  Saturdays,  five  shillings.  Season  tickets  for  gentlemen 
were  sold  at  three  guineas  ($15.75),  for  ladies,  two  guineas  ($10.50).  The  difference 
in  the  prices  charged  on  Fridays,  Saturdays,  and  other  days,  arose  out  of  the  class 
distinction  which  always  enters  into  affairs  of  this  kind  in  England.  The  receipts 
were  £275,000,  or  $1,375,000  in  silver,  and  £81,000,  or  $405,000  in  gold.  It  was 
estimated  that  the  fixed  income  of  the  city  of  London  was  increased  about  £4, 000, 000,  or 
$20,000,000  for  the  six  months  during  which  the  exposition  was  kept  open.  The 
receipts  exceeded  the  expenditures  of  the  exposition  management  by  about  $1,000,000. 
This,  though  the  very  first,  was  one  of  the  most  successful  international  expositions  ever 
held.  The  United  States  made  a  very  shabby  display  at  the  exhibition,  the  total  num- 
ber of  our  exhibits  being  only  499,  and  the  number  of  Americans  visiting  London 
during  the  entire  six  months,  was  but  5, 048.  The  only  American  work  of  art  which 
attracted  attention,  was  Power's  " Greek  Slave." 

Two  years  later  an  international  exhibition  was  opened  at  Dublin,  Ireland,  the 
expenses  of  which  were  defrayed  almost  entirely  by  a  wealthy  private  citizen.  It  was 
an  exhibition  of  Irish  arts  and  industries,  but  foreign  nations  contributed  costly  dis- 
plays. The  Lord  Lieutenant  opened  this  exhibition  on  May  15,  1853,  and  it  con- 
tinued open  until  October  29,  following.  There  had  been  no  paintings  on  exhibition  in 
London,  and  the  managers  of  the  Dublin  enterprise  took  advantage  of  this  fact.  The 
result  was  the  collection  of  the  finest  paintings  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  the 
continent,  the  value  of  which  was  estimated  at  $1,000,000.  The  display  of  manufac- 
tures was  large  and  interesting.  The  number  of  visitors  was  1,150,000. 

An  international  Exposition  was  opened  in  New  York  on  July  14,  1853.  The 
main  building  covered  an  area  of  170,000  square  feet,  and  an  annex  covered  33,000 
square  feet.  The  first  named  was  two  stories  high,  the  lower  floor  being  in  the  form 
of  an  octagon,  and  the  upper  in  that  of  a  Greek  cross.  The  exhibition  was  held  under 
the  auspices  of  a  local  association  with  a  capital  of  $200,000.  The  government  gave 
the  enterprise  no  encouragement  nor  official  sanction.  The  cost  of  the  buildings 
added  to  the  expenses  footed  up  $640, 000 ;  the  total  receipts  were  only  $340, 000, 
leaving  a  deficiency  of  $300,000  which  had  to  be  met  by  the  stockholders.  It  was  not 
a  creditable  exhibition  in  any  respect. 

Four  years  after  the  opening  of  the  London  International  Exposition  the  Univer- 
sal Exposition  opened  in  Paris.  Instead  of  one  great  central  hall,  as  in  London,  the 
Paris  Exposition  had  several,  the  most  prominent  baing  the  Palais  d' Industrie  and  the 
Palais  des  Beaux- Arts.  Other  structures  were  grouped  around  these  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  agricultural  implements,  carriages,  minor  articles,  etc.  The  great  panorama 
building  was  one  of  the  leading  features.  The  main  building  was  of  stone,  brick  and 
glass,  800  feet  long  and  350  feet  wide.  The  total  number  of  exhibitors  was  23,954, 
of  which  11.986  were  from  the  French  Empire.  The  exposition  was  open  200  days. 
The  price  of  admission  was  generally  1  franc,  or  20  cents;  On  Friday  5  francs  or  $1.00 
was  charged,  while  on  Sundays,  that  the  very  poor  and  employed  class  of  people  might 
attend,  the  admission  price  was  reduced  to  eight  cents.  The  total  number  of  visitors 
was  5,162,330.  The  largest  number  in  attendance  on  any  one  day  was  on  Sunday, 
September  9.  when  there  were  123,017  admissions.  Paris,  during  this  exhibition, 
was  visited  by  160,000  foreigners.  The  total  cost  of  the  exposition,  including  the 

19 


cost  of  the  Palais  d'Tndustrie,  which  was  met  by  the  French  government,  was  $5,000- 
000.     The  total  receipts  reached  $644,000.  This  loss  was  anticipated  by  the  projectors. 

The  next  great  international  exposition  was  held  in  London  in  1862.  This  was 
calculated  to  eclipse  the  first  enterprise  and  overshadow  the  French  Exposition.  The 
buildings  were  of  brick,  iron  and  glass,  and  were  erected  in  South  Kensington,  adjoin- 
ing the  gardens  of  the  Horticultural  Society.  The  main  building  consisted  of  two  vast 
domes  of  brass,  250  feet  high  and  60  feet  in  diameter,  connected  by  a  nave  800  feet 
long,  100  feet  high  and  83  feet  wide,  with  a  closed  roof  lighted  by  a  range  of 
windows  after  the  manner  of  the  clere-story  of  a  gothic  cathedral.  The  domes  opened 
laterally  into  spacious  transepts,  and  the  nave  into  a  wide  central  avenue  and  inter- 
minable side  aisles  and  galleries  roofed  with  glass.  These  apartments  covered  about 
sixteen  acres,  and  in  addition  there  were  two  annexes  which  covered  seven  an.d  a  half 
acres.  The  number  of  exhibitors  in  the  industrial  division  was  26,348,  in  the  art 
division  2, 308,  numbering  28,652  in  all.  The  total  area  covered  was  1,291,800  square 
feet,  of  which  147,700  square  feet  were  given  over  to  refreshments,  offices,  entran- 
ces, etc.,  leaving  1,144,100  square  feet  for  exhibition  purposes.  The  total  area 
roofed  was  988,000  square  feet.  One  half  of  the  entire  space  was  given  to  foreign 
exhibits.  The  total  cost  of  the  buildings  was  about  $1,605,000;  the  cost  of  the  entire 
exhibition,  including  expenses  was  $2,300,000.  The  total  receipts  from  season  and 
general  admission  tickets  amounted  to  $1,644,260,  and  including  other  revenue,  from 
concessions,  privileges,  etc.,  $2,298,150.  The  admission  prices  were  the  same  as  in 
1851.  The  total  number  of  visitors  was  6,211,000.  The  daily  average  attendance 
was  36,328. 

The  Paris  Exposition  of  1867  ranks  among  the  most  successful  affairs  ever  attemp- 
ted or  carried  out.  It  was  opened  at  a  time  when  the  second  empire  had  reached  the 
height  of  its  glory,  and  Napoleon  made  every  effort  to  produce  an  exhibition  which 
would  dazzle  the  French  people  and  convince  foreign  nations  that  his  rule  had  resulted 
in  making  France  the  most  prosperous  and  progressive  country  on  the  globe.  The 
Camp  de  Mars  was  the  site  selected,  and  the  area  exceeded  thirty-seven  acres.  The 
general  design  was  an  immense  oval  building,  arranged  in  twelve  concentric  aisles, 
with  a  small  open  central  garden.  The  oval  building  was  1,550  feet  long  and  1,250 
wide.  The  smaller  buildings  erected  as  annexes  made  the  area  covered  about  thirty-five 
acres.  The  ground  surrounding  the  exposition,  as  well  as  the  entire  Camp  de  Mars, 
was  laid  out  beautifully  in  flower  beds,  etc. ,  ornamented  with  fountains  and  covered  with 
Turkish  mosques,  Russian  slobades,  Swiss  chalets,  Tunisian  kiosks  Swedish  cottages 
and  English  lighthouses,  Egyptian  temples  and  caravansaries,  many  of  which  were  erected 
by  the  different  nations,  but  generally  in  conformity  with  the  French  plan  of  the  expo- 
sition. There  were  50,226  exhibitors,  and  the  number  of  visitors  reached  the  unparal- 
leled total  of  10,200,000.  The  receipts  were  $2,103,675.  The  expenditures  exceeded 
these  figures  greatly,  but  the  cost  of  the  undertaking  was  kept  a  secret  by  the  govern- 
ment. 

The  Vienna  International  exhibition  of  1873  was  a  success.  Neither  the  buildings 
nor  the  attendance  equaled  those  of  London  or  Paris,  of  course,  but  the  expenditures 
exceeded  $7,850,000  and  the  deficiency  was  heavy.  Yet  it  was  one  of  the  great 
exhibitions  of  the  age. 

The  Centennial  Exhibition  of  Philadelphia  was  the  greatest  held  up  to  1876.  In 
many  respects  it  was  greater  and  grander  than  any  held  since.  It  was  located  in  Fair- 
mount  Park,  the  site  having  been  presented  free  of  all  expense  by  the  city  of  Phila- 

20 


delpliia.  The  area  given  over  to  the  exposition  was  450  acres.  The  main  building 
covered  an  area  of  870,464  square  feet;  machinery  hall,  504,720;  the  art  building, 
76,650  floor  space,  and  86, 869  wall  space;  horticultural  hall  was  353  feet  long,  160 
feet  broad  and  65  feet  in  height;  the  agricultural  building  covered  an  area  of  117,760 
square  feet,  and  the  women's  department  building  was  208  feet  long  and  208  broad 
From  the  opening  of  the  gates  until  the  close  of  the  exhibition,  November  10,  1876, 
there  were  admitted  a  grand  total  of  9,910,966  persons,  of  whom  8,004,274  paid 
admission  fees,  which  amounted  to  $3,813,726.49. 

The  exposition  held  in  Paris  in  1878  was -another  of  the  French  successes.  The 
Camp  de  Mars  was  again  selected  as  the  site.  In  practical  results  it  has  been  pro- 
nounced one  of  the  grandest  enterprises  of  the  kind.  The  expositions  held  at  Sidney 
and  Melbourne,  Australia,  were  quite  successful,  in  view  of  the  difficulties  which  had 
to  be  contended  with,  and  the  last  great  international  exposition,  held  in  Paris  in  1889, 
hardly  calls  for  a  review.  It  was  pronounced  the  costliest,  most  elaborate  and  most 
successful  of  all. 


COPYRIGHT,    1893,    BY  STONE,    KASTLER  &  PAINTER. 


THE     PERISTYLE 

21 


COPYRIGHT,   1893.   BY  STONE,    KASTLER  4  PAINTER. 


COLONNADES     OF     THE     PERISTYLE. 


25 


27 


29 


31 


33 


THE    STORY    OF=    THE 


THE  month  of  May  was  almost  entirely  devoted  to  installation  and  to  bring- 
ing the  grounds  into  perfection.     The  month  of    May,  usually  prolific  of 
flowers  and  sunshine,  turned  a  somber  side  upon  the  Fair,  and  weeks  of 
dreary  drizzles  kept  down   the   gate   receipts  and   the  spirit   of  the   directors. 
Exhibits  were  allowed  to  be  brought  in  upon  wagons,  and  these  in  countless 
numbers  blocked  up  the  way  and  added  to  the  general  discomfiture. 

Hardly  had  the  management  escaped  one  difficulty  when  another  presented 
itself.  Battling  with  disorder,  the  Fair  officials  found  the  Sunday-closing  ques- 
tion thrust  upon  them  even  before  the  Exposition  started.  The  Directory  was 
to  all  intents  and  purposes  committed  to  it'  by  having  accepted  the  souvenir 
coin  appropriation  with  the  Sunday-closing  attachment  thereto.  This  seemed 
the  unanimous  construction  placed  upon  the  enactment  of  Congress  by  the 
National  Commission,  but  so  strong  was  the  appeal  from  the  press  and  populace 
that  the  Directory,  after  a  careful  consideration  of  the  subject,  decided  that  Con- 
gress had  no  authority  to  make  rules  governing  the  Fair.  Besides,  the  opportunity 
for  enhancing  the  exchequer  seemed  good,  as  it  was  thought  the  workingmen  of 
Chicago  would  avail  themselves  of  Sunday  and  spend  it  at  Jackson  Park.  Con- 
sequently the  Directory  labored  to  open  the  gates,  but  the  Commission  said  no. 
The  fight  was  long  and  bitter.  Sunday.,  May  7,  passed  by  bringing  unusual 
scenes  about  the  entrances  to  the  park,  whore  scores  of  visitors  wandered  about. 
Friday,  May  12,  the  legislative  committee  of  the  Directory  reported  in  favor  of 
opening  the  Fair  by  refunding  the  appropriation  made  by  Congress.  This  com- 
mittee, composed  of  Edwin  Walker,  Ferd.  W.  Peck,  F.  S.  Winston  and  Arthur 
Dixoii,  presented  a  plan  by  which  the  buildings  would  be  closed,  and  the  admission 
price  cut  to  25  cents.  However,  the  Directory  cut  out  the  reduction  in  admis- 
sion price,  and  decided  to  open  with  the  machinery  stilled.  This  decision  was 
reached  May  16.  In  the  National  Commission  the  plan  was  met  with  the 
greatest  opposition,  several  of  the  commissioners  advocating  applying  to  the 
general  government  to  send  on  troops  with  which  to  close  the  Fair. 

On    May  14,    Charles  W.    Clingman,   a    stockholder,   through  his    attorney, 

W.  E.  Mason,  applied  to   the  Superior  Court  for  an  injunction  restraining  the 

Directory  from  closing  the  gates.      A  temporary  injunction  was  granted  after  a 

hearing    by   Judge   Stein,   and  the   papers    were  duly    served.     Meanwhile    the 

Attorney  General  became  interested  in  the  turn  affairs  had  taken,  and  directed 

District   Attorney  Milchrist  to    take   out   an    injunction    in    the   federal   courts 

restraining  the  Fair  officials  from  opening  the  gates  on  Sunday.     Acting  under 

the  rules  adopted  by  the  Directory  May  16,  the  Fair  was  opened  May  28  for  the 

first  time  on  Sunday.      The  attendance,  69,628  paid  admissions,  was  disheartening 

r  to  -one  side-  while;  it  but  gave  redoubled  vigor  to  the  friends  of  closing.     June  8, 

after  a  lengthy  'argunient  of  the  question  on  both  sides,  a  temporary  injunction 

;wa3^ran1red  Dis^ict 'Attorney  Milchrist,  which,  however,  was  not  sustained  by 

'Chief  Justice  fuller  and  Justices  Bunn  of  Wisconsin  and  Allen   of  Illinois,  by 

34 


whom  the  final  settlement  of  the  federal  case  was  made  June  15.  This  practic- 
ally settled  the  rights  of  the  national  government  to  interfere,  and  to  all  intents 
and  purposes  confirmed  the  arguments  of  the  directors,  who  all  along  held  that 
theirs  was  the  right  to  regulate  the  matter. 

However,  as  the  affairs  of  the  Exposition  progressed,  it  was  found  that 
Sunday  opening  was  unpopular.  The  attendance  dropped  little  by  little  each 
Sabbath  until  July  9  it  reached  but  44,537.  As  the  Directory  had  received  pro- 
tests from  many  exhibitors  and  from  all  sections  of  the  country,  and  as  many 
religious  organizations  had  practically  blackballed  the  Fair  on  account  of  Sunday 
opening,  it  soon  became  a  matter  of  grave  financial  importance  to  hearken  to  the 
will  of  the  people  who  so  strongly  objected  to  any  desecration  of  the  American 
Sunday.  It  was  found  that  all  substantial  support  to  the  open  Fair  must  come 
from  the  citizens  of  Chicago,  and  the  gate  receipts  for  the  Sundays  in  June  and 
July  showed  that  this  support  was  not  forthcoming  sufficiently  strong  to  make  up 
at  the  end  of  the  season  the  amount  that  would  have  to  be  paid  back  to  the  gov- 
ernment in  order  to  clear  the  Directory  from  the  moral  obligations  entailed  by  it 
when  the  appropriation  of  $2,500,000  was  accepted.  In  other  words,  Sunday 
opening  did  not  pay.  Therefore,  July  14,  the  Directory  rescinded  its  order  to 
open  the  gates.  July  22  the  Council  of  Administration  ordered  the  gates  shut, 
which  was  done  the  next  day,  Sunday,  July  23. 

But  in  the  meantime  another  factor  appeared.  The  gates  were  shut  July  23, 
as  ordered,  whereupon  the  next  day  Judge  Stein  summoned  the  Director-General 
and  the  directors  to  appear  before  him  August  3  to  answer  for  contempt  of  court 
pursuant  to  his  injunction  granted  on  the  prayer  of  Charles  W.  Clingman.  This 
brought  about  an  order  from  the  Council  of  Administration  to  open  the  gates 
pending  the  Clingman  case.  Judge  Stein  promptly  fined  the  Director-General 
$250,  and  Directors  Hutchinson,  Gage,  McNally,  Kerfoot  and  Lawson  $1,000 
apiece.  This  was  appealed  from  and  the  case  went  to  the  United  States  Appel- 
late court,  which  in  October  postponed  the  hearing  until  after  the  Fair.  The 
action  of  Judge  Steia  made  it  impossible  to  close  the  gates,  and  the  Fair  afterward 
remained  open. 

The  month  of  May  brought  out  a  practical  completion  of  the  installation  of 
exhibits,  but  the  attendance  was  very  much  below  estimates.  The  influx  of  vis- 
itors was  seriously  hampered  by  friction  with  the  management  which  at  first  run 
the  Fair  as  an  educator  and  took  no  steps  to  cater  to  the  tastes  of  the  public, 
Hide-bound  rules  prevailed.  There  was  no  sympathy  between  the  authorities  and 
the  public.  No  effort  was  made  to  make  visitors  comfortable,  and  they  in  turn 
did  not  feel  that  they  had  any  proprietary  interests  in  the  undertaking.  During 
the  month  the  paid  admissions  were  1,050,037,  and  the  total  receipts  $882,905. 
The  principal  events  were  :  The  first  illumination,  May  14  ;  dedication  of  the 
Illinois  building,  May  18  (attendance  51,450);  dedication  of  the  Woman's  build- 
ing, May  1  ;  Swedish  building,  May  1  ;  Missouri  building,  May  1  ;  Connecticut 
building,  May  1  ;  New  Jersey  building,  May  1  ;  Vermont  building,  May  12  ;  Ger- 
many, May  23,  and  Decoration  day,  May  30  (attendance  115,578.) 

Pleasant  weather  in  June  brought  out  many  changes  in  the  status  of  affairs. 
The  sunlight  warmed  flowers  into  life  and  brought  out  relaxation  in  rules  which 

O  o 

enabled  tired  people  to  sit  where  they  willed,  and  to  occasionally  enjoy  the  pleas- 
ures of  popular  airs,  dispensed  by  the  bands,  which  during  the  colder  weather  of 

35 


May  had  discoursed  only  Wagnerian  airs.  The  Anthropological  building  was 
opened  during  this  month,  as  was  the  Electricity  building.  June  5  Kentucky 
dedicated  its  building.  June  8  the  Infanta,  Eulalia,  of  Spain,  was  royally  enter- 
tained at  Jackson  Park,  on  which  day  135,281  persons  were  present.  June  9  Ne- 
braska's building  was  dedicated,  and  the  Krupp  gun  exhibit  was  opened  June  5. 
Elevators  were  run  to  the  roof  promenade  on  Manufactures  building  June  9. 
June  15  was  German  day,  and  165,069  persons  were  present.  On  the  same  day 
the  Arkansas  and  Indiana  State  buildings  were  dedicated.  The  Ferris  Wheel  was 
tested  and  pronounced  a  success  the  same  day.  June  17  was  Massachusetts  day, 
which  was  observed  in  the  State  building. 

Bunker  Hill  day  was  further  observed  by  a  gathering  of  the  Sons  and  Daugh- 
ters of  the  Revolution  in  the  Music  hall  of  the  Fair  grounds.  Addresses  were 
made  by  Gen.  Horace  Porter,  Hon.  C.  M.  Depew  and  others.  A  brilliant  recep- 
tion was  held  by  the  societies  in  the  assembly  room  of  the  Woman's  building,  at 
which  many  distinguished  guests  were  present. 

June  20  was  West  Virginia  day.  June  19  the  California  building  was  opened. 
Doctor  Thomas  held  first  divine  service  in  Jackson  Park  June  25.  The  New 
Hampshire  building  was  dedicated  June  26.  Hayti's  building  was  opened  June  24. 

With  the  ending  of  June  all  exhibits  were  in  place,  and  the  special  fete  days 
had  proved  so  popular  that  it  was  decided  to  enlarge  the  list  as  much  as  possible. 
The  attendance  for  the  month  was  2,699,395,  an  increase  of  1,649,350  over  May. 

July,  although  the  mitigating  circumstances  of  the  weather  had  been  effectu- 
ally disposed  of,  did  not  return  the  results  expected  in  increased  attendance. 
During  this  month  the  effect  of  the  panic  was  felt  visibly  throughout  the  land, 
and  with  the  uncertainty  before  them  of  unstable  financial  affairs  visitors  kept 
their  money  and  stayed  away  from  the  Fair. 

July  4,  Independence  day,  brought  out  283,273  people.  The  exercises  proper 
began  at  11  o'clock,  when  there  was  speaking  and  music  and  the  like  on  Admini- 
stration plaza.  The  vice-president  of  the  United  States,  the  mayor  of  Chicago, 
and  other  able  orators  told,  as  they  well  knew  how  to  tell,  why  the  day  should  be 
celebrated.  And  the  scene  spread  out  before  them  must  have  given  inspiration 
to  their  words.  Never  before  was  such  a  celebration  held  amid  such  surround- 
ings. For  the  actors  of  the  play,  some  of  the  leading  citizens  of  the  greatest 
republic  of  the  world  ;  as  a  State  setting,  the  palaces  and  temples  of  the  whole 
world's  science  and  art  and  industry  and  zeal. 

At  noon  a  national  salute  of  twenty-one  guns  was  fired  from  the  Michigan, 
and  at  the  same  time  the  new  liberty  bell  in  Troy,  New  York,  was  sounded  in 
honor  of  the  occasion.  At  2  o'clock  the  Thomas  orchestra  gave  a  grand  concert 
in  Festival  hall,  and  national  and  international  music  of  a  high  order  was 
rendered.  At  the  same  hour  a  chorus  of  native  Indians  sung  national  songs  in 
the  Manufactures  building.  There  was  a  celebration  in  the  Woman's  building, 
and  all  during  the  afternoon  and  evening  bands  stationed  in  various  parts  of  the 
grounds  discoursed  sweet  music.  The  crowning  glory  of  the  day's  celebration 
was  the  fireworks  at  night. 

Costa  Rica's  building  was  opened  July  5.  July  20  was  Sweden's  day.  The 
parade  and  exercises  brought  129,873  people  to  Jackson  Park. 

On  July  11  occurred  the  fatal  disaster  known  as  the  Cold  Storage  fire,  in 
which  fifteen  firemen  and  guards  lost  their  lives.  More  than  100,000  people  saw 

36 


the  men  perish  and  were  unable  to  render  aid.  The  fire  broke  out  at  the  top  of 
the  tower,  eighty  feet  above  the  roof.  A  fire  company  was  sent  to  the  top,  and 
before  they  could  regain  the  ground  retreat  was  cut  off  by  the  flames.  The 
tower  fell  in  and  the  entire  building  was  consumed.  More  than  a  score  of  men 
were  injured  besides  those  killed,  and  the  loss  in  property  amounted  to  $250,000, 

July  12  the  caravels,  replicas  of  Columbus'  fleet,  arrived  under  command  of 
Captain  Concas,  and  July  13  the  Viking  ship  came  into  port.  The  Isabella  coins 
arrived  the  same  week,  and  July  22  Director-General  Davis  was  made  chief  execu- 
tive of  the  Fair.  The  attendance  for  July  was  2,760,263,  an  increase  of  95,150 
over  June. 

With  August  came  the  better  days  of  the  Fair.  From  the  early  part  of  that 
month  dates  the  financial  success  of  the  Fair.  The  Exposition  was  then  ready 
to  apply  the  future  fund  to  redeeming  the  bonds  of  the  corporation,  and  the 
management,  responding  to  the  cry  for  popular  fetes,  had  decided  to  unburden 
all  things  classical  and  make  the  Exposition  a  popular  one  in  every  sense  of  the 
word. 

Director  of  Music  Thomas  retired  about  this  time  and  popular  music  was 
thenceforth  rendered  in  all  the  band  stands.  Beginning  with  the  second  week  in 
August  the  attendance  mounted  up  from  an  average  of  about  115,000  to  140,000 
in  the  last  week.  The  reassembling  of -Congress  imparted  a  restoration  of  confi- 
dence and  visitors  began  to  swarm  to  the  Fair.  Every  effort  was  made  to 
enliven  the  grounds,  and  fireworks  and  illuminations  were  started  in  and  kept  up 
tri-weekly.  A  programme  of  attractions  was  posted  conspicuously  each  day, 
and  in  fact  the  management  repudiated  its  former  policy  and  virtually  turned 
over  the  Exposition  to  the  visitors.  As  a  result  the  attendance  footed  up 
3,515,493,  or  754,830  more  than  July.  Bohemian  day,  August  12;  British  day, 
August  19;  and  Illinois  day,  August  24,  were  the  chief  fgte  days.  The  attend- 
ance on  Illinois  day  was  243,951. 

September  saw  a  continuation  over  the  increased  attendance  of  August, 
985,245  persons  paying  admission  in  the  first  week  of  that  month.  The  second 
week  brought  in  1,134,533,  and  but  for  the  refusal  of  the  railroads  to  lower  rates 
the  attendance  would  have  been  even  greater.  The  third  week  brought  out  a 
total  of  1,110,575,  and  the  month  ended  with  4,659,871,  an  increase  of  1,144,378 
over  August,  and  making  a  total  for  the  five  months  of  14,659,808  admissions. 

Chicago  day,  October  9,  with  its  attendance  of  716,881,  will  always  be 
remembered  by  those  who  witnessed  the  scenes  at  Jackson  Park,  as  being  the 
greatest  pacific  gathering  the  world  has  ever  seen.  There  never  was  seen  in 
any  land  such  a  crowd  before. 

All  day  long  the  avenues  of  approach  to  the  Fair  were  thronged  with  people, 
and  inside  the  gates  hardly  a  foot  of  ground  could  be  seen  that  had  not  some 
person  on  it.  More  than  500,000  visitors  arrived  from  out  of  town,  taking 
advantages  of  the  1  cent  per  mile  rate  which  had  been  secured  from  the  rail- 
roads. Great  as  were  the  ceremonies,  fetes  and  functions  prepared  to  interest 
the  people  who  came,  each  feature  of  the  programme  except  the  fireworks  was 
rendered  almost  impossible  by  the  masses  of  people  who  were  everywhere  about 
the  grounds.  The  Apollo  Club  chorus,  1,000  strong,  sung  ou  the  Terminal 
plaza  at  11  o'clock,  shortly  after  a  fanfare  of  universal  peace  had  been  sounded 
by  sixty-six  trumpeters  in  heralds'  uniform  from  the  Court  of  Honor. 

37 


In  the  afternoon  there  was  a  parade  of  States  around  the  Court  of  Honor, 
and  at  noon  the  Liberty  Bell  was  rung  by  Mayor  Carter  H.  Harrison  with  befit- 
ting ceremonies.  That  night  there  was  a  grand  pageant  led  by  the  float  "I 
Will,"  or  typical  Chicago,  and  followed  by  a  splendid  array  of  like  kind,  which, 
however,  did  not  go  over  the  line  of  march  mapped  out  owing  to  the  density  of 
the  crowd.  Alderman  Kerr,  of  the  city  council,  who  managed  the  programme, 
was  warmly  felicitated  upon  his  success  by  the  Exposition  officials,  who  were  par- 
ticularly happy  in  that  the  last  payment  on  the  debenture  bonds  was  ordered 
made  that  day.  October  10,  Ferd.  W.  Peck  and  Anthony  F.  Seeberger,  vice-pres-. 
ident  and  secretary  respectively  of  the  Exposition,  tendered  to  John  J.  Mitchell, 
of  the  Illinois  Trust  and  Savings  Company,  the  sum  of  $1,565,310.76.  That 
check,  wiping  out  the  last  debt  of  the  Exposition,  was  the  largest  ever  made  out 
in  its  history. 

After  Chicago  day  the  attendance  averaged  nearly  250,000  per  day.  For 
the  second  week  it  was  2,114,953,  and  for  the  third  week  1,731,125.  One  of 
the  events  of  the  latter  days  of  the  Exposition  was  Manhattan  day,  October  21. 
The  attendance  was  298,928,  and  the  ceremonies  with  which  the  New  Yorkers 
celebrated  their  day  were  imposing  and  grand.  Coming  as  it  did  toward  the 
end  of  the  Exposition,  it  awoke  Father  Knickerbocker  to  what  had  been  done 
by  his  ambitious  rival,  Chicago,  since  it  first  entered  the  lists  against  him  in  July, 
1889.  Mayor  Gilroy,  of  New  York,  and  a  host  of  followers  came  on  and  con- 
ducted the  exercises.  They  joined  whatever  breach  remained  between  the  cities. 

October  31  the  Exposition  closed.  It  had  in  hand  upward  of  $2,000,000, 
and  in  all  at  least  21,000,000  had  paid  admissions  to  the  Fair.  It  had  been 
pronounced  a  success  throughout  the  civilized  world,  and  in  it  Chicago's  prom- 
ises had  been  fulfilled  fourfold. 

Creation  had  been  brought  together  in  harmony  and  brotherhood. 

Time,  which  developed  its  grandeur,  alone  can  tell  the  story. 

THE    ATTENDANCE. 

The  following  are  the  official  figures  for  the  paid  admissions  to  the  Fair  : 

May  (month) 1,050,037 

June  (month) 2,675,113 

July  (month) 2,760,263 

August  (month) 3,515,493 

September  (month) 4,659,871 

October  (first  week) 1,043,454 

October  (second  week) 2,114,953 

October  (third  week) 1,731,125 

October  (fourth  week) '. 1,929,352 

Total 21,479,661 

An  average  of  nearly  120,000  for  each  day,  "  rain  or  shine,"  is  no  mean 
record.  It  is  none  the  less  wonderful  because  somewhat  exceeded  by  the  paid 
attendance  at  Paris  four  years  ago.  The  total  attendance,  including  exhibitors 
and  the  multitude  of  others  who  held  passes,  was  27,529,400,  which  exceeded  by 
nearly  a  million  the  26,538,543  of  the  total  admissions  to  the  Paris  Exposition 
during  the  five  and  two-thirds  months  ending  with  October. 

38 


The  attendance  for  May  was  so  small  as  to  incite  grave  fears  that  the  exhibi- 
tion would  fail  to  attract  the  people  en  masse.  Taking  out  the  128,965  of  the 
opening  day  and  the  115,578  of  Decoration  day,  the  average  for  the  other  twenty- 
six  days  was  only  30,980.  The  paid  attendance  for  June  was  two  and  a  half  times 
that  of  May,  but  its  2,675,113  included  only  five  days  the  figures  for  which 
exceeded  the  six  months  average.  In  July  that  average  was  first  exceeded  the 
Fourth,  with  a  total  of  283,273,  and  the  20th  the  average  was  again  passed,  with 
a  total  of  129,873,  by  the  Swedish  celebration.  The  total  for  that  month  but 
slightly  exceeded  the  record  for  June.  The  3,515,493  of  August  was  an  increase 
of  one-fourth.  The  paid  attendance  for  each  of  fifteen  days  exceeded  the  average, 
and  except  Sundays  the  lowest  figures  were  80,200.  The  "banner  day"  in 
August  was  the  24th,  when  243, 951  persons  paid  their  way  through  the  gates  to 
join  in  celebrating  Illinois  day.  The  other  two  largest  records  of  August  were 
168,861  for  the  19th,  which  was  British  day,  and  the  168,036  of  the  25th,  which 
was  Machinery  day.  September  brought  an  increase  to  nearly  4,660,000,  its 
banner  record  being  the  231,522  for  the  9th,  when  the  Californians,  the  G.  A.  R., 
Utah,  the  stationary  engineers  and  the  exponents  of  transportation  joined  in  cel- 
ebrating. On  three  other  days  of  that  month  the  record  went  above  200,000, 
namely  :  the  23d,  being  Knights  of  Honor  day,  with  215,643  ;  the  7th,  by  Penn- 
sylvania and  Brazil,  with  203,460,  and  the  16th,  with  202,376,  that  being  Texas, 
Railway  and  New  Mexico  day.  October  brought  6,816,435  visitors,  or  an  aver- 
age of  227,214  for  each  day,  which  was  less  than  one-third  of  the  716,881  persons 
who  paid  their  way  on  the  twenty-second  anniversary  of  the  Chicago  fire.  On 
each  of  three  other  days  the  record  exceeded  300,000,  the  10th  being  North 
Dakota  and  Firemen's  day,  and  the  llth,  which  was  Connecticut  day,  both  rising 
above  309,000. 

The  total  attendance  at  the  Chicago  Fair  was  more  than  two  and  tnree- 
quarters  times  that  at  Philadelphia  seventeen  years  ago.  The  best  month  of  paid 
admissions  at  Chicago  exceeded  the  best  month  at  Paris  by  thirty  per  cent.  Our 
relative  loss  was  at  the  beginning,  the  paid  attendance  at  Paris  in  the  three  weeks 
of  May  exceeding  by  fifty  per  cent  the  corresponding  figures  for  the  whole  of  the 
month  here.  Several  things  conspired  to  keep  down  the  early  patronage  of  the 
Fair.  There  was  a  widespread  impression  that  the  exhibits  were  not  in  shape  to 
be  viewed  satisfactorily,  this  being  fostered  by  the  inimical  attitude  of  certain 
papers  at  the  East.  Then  the  money  market  was  stringent,  almost  to  the  verge 
of  panic.  Very  many  people  who  wished  to  come  did  not  dare  to  leave  their 
business,  and  others  could  not  afford  to  do  so,  or  thought  they  could  not,  the 
result  being  about  the  same  in  either  case.  Besides  this  the  persistent  demand  of 
high  rates  for  transportation  by  rail,  with  a  belief  that  rates  would  be  reduced  to 
an  important  extent  later  in  the  season,  kept  away  untold  thousands  who  other- 
wise would  have  come  here  previous  to  midsummer's  day.  The  wonder  is  that  so 
many  came  instead  of  so  few. 

Making  due  allowance  for  duplications  by  persons  who  paid  more  than  one 
visit  to  the  Fair,  it  may  be  estimated  that  not  less  that  12,000,000  different  indi- 
viduals went  there  once  or  more  within  the  six  months. 


39 


COST   OF   THE  EXPOSITION. 

The  amount  of  money  received  up  to  April  1,  1893,  was  as  follows  : 

Appropriated  by  foreign  governments $6,571,529.00 

Contributed  by  States 0,020,850.00 

Original  appropriation  of  general  government 1,500,000.00 

Souvenir  coins 2,500,000.00 

General  government  appropriation,  1892 408,250.00 

General  government  appropriation  medals  and  diplomas 103,000.00 

General  government  appropriation,  1890 150,750.00 

National  commission,  1891 95,500.00 

National  commission,  1892 230,000.00 

National  commission,  1893 211,375.00 

Receipts  from  stockholders. 5,553.760.80 

City  of  Chicago 5.000,000.00 

Bonds  due  January  1, 1894 4,094,500.00 

Gate  receipts  to  April  1 234.853.00 

Interest 88,963.00 

Miscellaneous  receipts 295,504.75 

Grand  total $33,248,930.55 

Adding  to  this  the  gate  receipts  of  $10,500,000,  $3,500,000  from  conces- 
sionaires, and  the  premium  on  the  sale  of  the  souvenir  coins  would  make  in 
round  numbers  receipts  of  $50,000,000. 

In  closing  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  the  officials  found  themselves 
in  a  condition  which,  compared  to  that  confronting  them  May  1,  is  the  best  evi- 
dence of  the  success  of  the  Fair.  With  a  surplus  in  the  hands  of  Treasurer 
Seeberger  of  which  any  corporation  might  feel  proud,  with  all  debts  paid  and 
the  world  applauding  what  has  been  done,  the  directors  looked  back  six  months 
with  great  complacency.  Speaking  of  the  financial  condition  of  the  Exposition 
Company,  Vice-president  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  at  the  close  of  the  Fair,  said  : 

"We  will  close  our  books  for  the  six  months  of  the  actual  existence  of  the 
Fair  with  a  cash  balance  of  about  $2,500,000.  This  includes  the  silver  coins  we 
now  have  on  hand  and  the  cash  in  the  banks.  To  be  sure  there  are  a  few  unad- 
justed accounts  and  some  vouchers  on  hand,  but  these  will  be  more  than  offset 
by  accounts  that  are  perfectly  good.  The  city  of  Chicago  owes  us  about 
$205,000.  As  we  have  the  money  in  our  hands  to  pay  ourselves  out  of  the  return 
which  must  be  made  to  the  city,  that  debt  at  least  must  be  as  good  an  asset  as 
would  be  the  cash  in  bank. 

"I  think  that  I  may  truthfully  say  that  our  good  assets,  not  counting,  of 
course,  cash  we  have  on  hand,  are  nearly  double  our  unsettled  accounts.  When 
we  contrast  this  condition  with  that  which  faced  us  on  the  morning  of  May  1, 
we  are  compelled  to  congratulate  ourselves  and  our  stockholders.  Truly,  the 
Exposition  has  been  a  success  in  every  sense.  When  the  Fair  opened  we  owed 
not  far  from  $8,000,000.  There  was  a  floating  debt  of  nearly  $3,500,000,  and 
we  owed  on  the  face  of  the  bonds  issued  one  year  ago  $4,444,500. 

' '  Pausing  now  for  a  moment  of  retrospection,  it  is  pleasant  to  think  what 
our  success  would  have  been  had  we  not  been  compelled  to  contend  against  hard 
times  amounting  almost  to  a  financial  panic  throughout  the  country,  a  certain 
amount  of  misrepresentation  from  the  outside  press,  and  a  mistaken  idea  on  the 
part  of  railroad  men.  We  have  done  all  we  have  promised,  and  have  given  the 

40 


world  the  best  demonstration  it  ever  had  of  how  great  Chicago  can  be  when  it 

o  o 

makes  an  effort.  As  I  said  before,  when  the  Fair  opened  we  owed  nearly 
$8,000,000.  Since  May  we  have  wiped  out  that  indebtedness,  have  paid  our  run- 
ning expenses  and  have  a  balance  on  hand  which  guarantees  some  return  to  the 
stockholders. 

"The  history  of  the  Fair  has  been  a  complete  vindication  of  the  business 
methods  adopted  by  the  directors  two  years  ago.  When  we  first  began  to  talk 
of  concessions  many  conservative  business  men  advised  us  to  accept  a  cash  prop- 
osition rather  than  take  chances  on  the  percentage  system.  However,  we  decided 
that  they  were  wrong,  and  in  the  venture  risked  something  of  our  financial  rep- 
utation. The  concessions  will  have  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  cash  to  the  amount  of  $3,500,000,  and,  more  than  that,  allowances 
have  been  made  for  buildings  and  improvements  that  should  be  counted,  and 
would  add  $250,000  to  the  profits.  In  Paris  in  1889  the  concessions  were  oper- 
ated on  the  cash  basis,  and  they  paid  to  the  Exposition  about  $700,000.  And 
so,  with  an  attendance  slightly  smaller  than  that  of  Paris,  we  have  collected  five 
times  the  amount  of  money. 

"I  calculate  that  the  receipts  of  the  Exposition  Company  from  the  gates  and 
the  few  concessions  that  will  remain  will  aid  in  meeting  expenses  hereafter. " 

MIDWAY    PLAISANCE. 

Two  solid  miles  of  amusement  enterprise  showed  itself  on  Midway  Plaisance 
from  every  quarter  of  the  globe. 

There  have  been  other  world's  fairs,  but  there  never  before  was  a  Midway  — 
a  spot  where  the  lines  of  longitude  and  the  parallels  of  latitude  were  tangled 
together  like  a  skein  of  silk  after  a  kitten's  play;  where  the  Occident  and  the 
Orient  were  mixed  in  the  most  gigantic  amusement  potpourri  the  world  has  ever 
seen,  where  the  Laplander  stepped  over  and  commiserated  the  Javanese  on  cold 
days,  while  the  Javanese  returned  the  sympathy  with  his  compliments  on  hot 
days,  where  the  "Hot  Hot  !  "  of  Cairo,  the  "well-come,  well-come  ! "  of  Turkey, 
the  "  Hi  yi  !  "  of  the  Sioux,  the  "  Verra  gude,  buy  !  "  of  Algiers,  the  gongs  of 
China,  the  bells  of  Java,  the  yodels  of  Switzerland,  the  howls  of  Dahomey,  the 
pipers  of  Donegal,  the  roars  of  Hagenbeck's  lions,  and  above  all,  the  persistent 
and  vociferous  efforts  of  trained  sideshow  "barkers  "  all  combined  to  give  a  poly- 
glot effect,  confusing,  buH;  in  the  main  pleasing. 

It  is  not  generally  known,  and  probably  Midway  did  not  know  it  itself,  but 
the  great  street  was  officially  rated  as  a  department  in  ethnology,  and  was  sup- 
posed to  be  under  the  control  of  Professor  Putnam.  It  was  planned  originally 
to  keep  within  hailing  distance  at  least  of  ethnology  and  having  everything  con- 
ducted on  a  dignified  and  decorous  basis,  but  the  Plaisance  took  matters  in  its 

o  7 

own  hands  and  went  in  for  revenue  and  an  incidental  good  time  according  to  its 
lights.  Some  of  the  concessionnaires  who  had  been  in  the  show  business  before 

O 

introduced  the  lecture  idea,  and  in  a  week  every  concession  blossomed  out  in  an 
oratorical  glory  which  soon  became  a  nuisance.  An  order  to  abate  the  "same 
resulted  in  the  sideshow  lurers  relapsing  into  pantomime,  and  a  lecture  delivered 
through  the  agency  of  placards  waved  in  the  air  was  the  outcome.  By  degrees 
the  lecturers  recovered  their  voices,  and  before  the  close  Midway  had  outhowled 
all  previous  records.  When  Jackson  Park  was  selected  for  the  Fair  site  the 

41 


stretch  of  ground  then  known  as  the  Midway  Pleasure  drive  was  found  to  be 
suitable  for  the  purposes  to  which  it  was  subsequently  put.  It  was  intended  to 
keep  the  exhibits  for  which  gate  money  was  to  be  asked  entirely  separate  from  the 
main  part  of  the  Fair,  and  the  Midway,  isolated  in  a  measure,  and  yet  connected 
with  it,  just  answered  the  purpose.  Many  concessions  which  never  materialized 
were  granted.  Among  these  were  the  Barre  Sliding  railway,  the  Bohemian  glass 
works,  the  Blue  Grotto  of  Capri,  and  the  Spiral  Tower  railway,  but  they  were 
never  missed.  Two  of  the  Midway  place  concessions  were  given  location  in  the 
main  grounds  for  especial  reasons,  the  Eskimo  Village  and  the  Cliff  Dwellers' 
exhibit. 

The  Turkish  Village  covered  about  one  block.  There  were  two  theaters  por- 
traying scenes  of  Turkish  life,  customs  and  oriental  dances.  Turks  carrying 
sedan  chairs  and  souvenir-selling  booths  were  numerous. 

The  Street  in  Cairo  furnished  a  picture  of  oriental  life  and  was  a  place  of 
interest.  Donkey  and  camel  rides  were  indulged  in,  and  was  the  source  of  bois- 
terous fun.  The  theater  offered  the  Egyptian  rendition  of  the  genuine  native 
muscle  dance.  A  fine  mosque  with  a  beautiful  minaret,  the  Luxor  temple  of 
mummies,  Soudanese  huts  and  jugglers  and  marts  for  the  sale  of  Egyptian  wares 
were  to  be  seen  on  this  oriental  street. 

The  Ferris  Wheel  was  to  the  Columbian  Fair  what  Eiffel  was  to  the  Paris 
Exposition  —  a  full  description  is  given  elsewhere. 

The  ZoSpraxigraphical  exhibition  showed  animal  locomotion  reproduced  in 
photographic  views. 

The  Volcano  of  Kilauea  was  a  panorama  of  a  volcano  on  the  Hawaiian  Islands 
which  has  a  basin  800  feet  deep,  with  a  circumference  of  nearly  nine  miles.  Near 
the  center  is  a  boiling  lake  of  lava. 

The  Dahomey  Village  was  an  interesting  exhibit  of  African  types  of  men  and 
a  few  genuine  Amazons  who  lived  in  huts  and  performed  native  war  dances  and 
celebrated  religious  rites. 

The  Moorish  Palace  had  wax  figures  —  attractions  worth  seeing.  The  maze 
of  saracenic  arches  and  mirrors  furnished  a  great  deal  of  amusement. 

From  the  little  Electric  Scenic  Theater  might  be  derived  an  idea  of  what  is 
possible  by  the  electric  lighting  of  stages  in  producing  to  a  degree  of  marvelous 
faithfulness  all  the  various  effects  of  nature. 

With  the  thoroughness  which  is  a  national  characteristic  of  Germany,  the 
promoters  and  managers  of  the  German  Village  constructed  a  series  of  buildings 
which  for  beauty,  interest,  ethnological  value  and  substantial  qualities  was  not 
surpassed  in  the  whole  Exposition. 

The  Lapland  Village  was  peopled  by  twenty-four  people  from  that  Northern 
clime.  Reindeers  and  dogs  helped  make  up  the  exhibit  of  life  in  Lapland. 

Just  opposite  Blarney  Castle  was  a  Philadelphia  workingman's  model  house 
of  six  rooms  and  bathroom  and  basement.  It  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $2,200  for 
the  structure,  including  complete  kitchen  conveniences.  The  exhibit  was  pre- 
pared by  the  Women's  Auxiliary  Committee. 

The  Ostrich  Farm,  managed  by  E.  R.  Johnson,  of  Fall  Brook,  California,  con- 
tained twenty-eight  birds. 

The  Old  Vienna  shops  were  a  close  reproduction  of  those  of  old  Austria,  and 
the  space  in  the  square  was  sublet  to  restaurant  concessionnaires. 

42 


Hagen beck's  animal  show  was  one  of  the  great  attractions  of  Midway.  It 
consisted  of  twenty-two  lions,  eight  tigers,  and  other  wild  animals.  It  was  seen 
by  over  2,000,000  people. 

Sitting  Bull's  cabin  was  filled  with  a  number  of  Indians,  including  Rain-in- 
the-Face.  War  dances  were  given  daily. 

The  International  Beauty  Show  consisted  of  forty  young  ladies,  intending  to 
show  the  dress  of  all  nationalities. 

A  Chinese  theater,  restaurant,  bazaar  and  Joss-house  combined,  in  a  sky-blue 
structure  with  red  trimmings,  attracted  many  visitors. 

Diamond  Dick  ran  an  Indian  Village  show,  near  the  Ferris  Wheel. 

The  Algerian  Village  showed  life  as  it  is  in  Algeria  and  Tunis. 

The  Persian  Palace  was  occupied  by  an  Oriental  theater  with  Parisian  per- 
formers. 

The  gentle  Javanese,  found  in  an  environment  religiously  faithful  to  their 
surroundings  at  home  in  everything  except  vegetation.  The  little  settlement, 
containing  125  natives,  of  whom  thirty-four  were  women,  was  an  exact  reproduc- 
tion of  a  village  as  found  in  the  Preanger  regencies  in  the  western  part  of  the 
island. 

The  bungalow  of  the  Sultan  of  Johore  was  furnished  in  Malayan  style  with  a 
rajah's  bed,  eating  throne,  loom  for  the  weaving  of  the  national  articles  of  dress, 
and  contained  a  collection  of  the  tools  of  war  and  peace,  games  of  chance,  and 
coins,  besides  Chinese  curios. 

In  the  village  of  huts  made  of  native  wood  thatched  with  leaves  the  Samoans 
made  kava,  the  national  beverage,  and  conducted  their  usual  household  vocations. 

A  building  in  the  Italian-Gothic  style  contained  the  working  exhibit  of  the 
Venice  and  Murano  Glass  Company.  Thirty  skilled  artisans  worked  throughout 
the  Exposition  furnishing  copies  of  the  famous  product  of  the  home  establishment. 

A  small  building,  located  opposite  the  Java  Village,  contained  an  exhibition 
of  sea  diving  with  a  continuous  performance. 

The  Irish  Industrial  Village  was  under  the  patronage  of  the  Countess  of 
Aberdeen.  A  village  concert  hall,  a  specimen  reproduction  of  an  old  Irish  cross, 
a  museum,  village  store,  and  a  publichouse,  were  conspicuous  features.  The 
center  of  attraction,  however,  was  a  reproduction  of  Blarney  castle,  which 
loomed  above  surrounding  structures. 

At  an  expense  of  about  $100,000  the  Libbey  Glass  Company,  of  Toledo, 
Ohio,  erected  a  large  and  attractive  factory,  in  which  all  the  processes  of  Ameri- 
can glass  manufacture  were  shown. 

The  Donegal  Village  was  designed  and  erecteu  by  Mrs.  Ernest  Hart,  to  aid 
the  Donegal  industrial  fund,  an  organization  founded  with  the  object  of  fostering 
cottage  industries  and  handwork  in  the  northwest  of  Ireland.  In  the  cottages 
that  surround  the  village  green  the  handicrafts  were  conducted.  There  were 
reproductions  of  Druidical  stones  and  early  Christian  crosses,  and  the  round 
tower,  the  St.  Lawrence  gate  at  Drogheda  and  Donegal  castle. 

Among  the  other  sights  of  the  Midway  were  the  cyclorama  of  the  Swiss 
Alps,  the  largest  picture  ever  painted,  giving  a  magnificent  view  of  the  Eiger, 
Moench,  and  Jungfrau  peaks,  and  adjacent  scenery  of  that  region  ;  the  model 
Colorado  gold  mine,  designed  by  William  Yeast,  Central  City,  Colorado;  the  ice 
railway,  the  band  of  Mexican  Indians,  the  Japanese  bazaar,  the  Bedouin  camels, 
the  Eiffel  tower  model,  the  Brazilian  variety  theater,  and  the  Hindoo  jugglers. 

43 


44 


45 


40 


48 


49 


50 


51 


52 


THE 
WORLD'S   GOLUMBIfVN    EXPOSITION- 


WE  HAVE  traced  from  the  rude  beginning,  the  history  of  expositions,  until 
we  have  reached  the  culmination  of  international  expositions,  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  of  1893.  The  far-reaching  and  beneficial  results 
of  the  discovery  of  America  can  not  be  calculated.  The  changes  which  have  taken 
place  in  the  civilized  world  during  the  last  four  hundred  years  are  beyond  those  of  any 
like  period  in  its  history.  There  has  grown  in  the  new  world  a  group  of  vast  and 
powerful  nations  led  by  our  own  proud  country,  which  has  seen  fit  to  take  in  hand  the 
appropriate  celebration  of  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus.  Without  taking 
into  consideration  the  influences  of  other  nations  of  the  globe,  the  astounding  growth 
and  population  of  our  country  alone  is  an  event  worthy  the  grand  celebration  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition. 

The  history  of  America  since  its  discovery  shows  a  progress  that  the  annals  of  the 
world  have  never  known  before.  In  1790  the  population  of  the  United  States  was 
3,929,212;  in  1810  it  was  over  17,000,000,  and  in  1870  over  50,000,000,  and  in  1890 
over  62,000,000.  The  annual  export  trade  of  this  country  has  reached  the  enormous 
figure  of  $845,000,000,  and  the  advancement  in  science,  art  and  invention  has  been 
so  remarkable  that  within  the  brief  span  of  one  century  we  have  stepped  into  a  new 
age,  and  a  new  era.  This  is  the  golden  age  of  American  industry,  American  progress 
and  American  development.  Wonders  have  been  achieved  in  every  branch  of  thought, 
and  in  every  line  of  trade.  We  are  at  peace  at  home  and  abroad.  It  is  fitting  that 
we,  as  the  greatest  nation  on  the  continent  discovered  by  Christopher  Columbus, 
should  lead  in  the  celebration  of  the  400th  anniversary  of  that  event,  and  call  upon 
the  people  of  the  civilized  world  to  unite  with  us.  It  is  fitting,  also,  that  the  celebra- 
tion should  have  for  its  expression  not  only  the  glorifying  of  a  name  and  of  a  deed 
which  stand  out  in  bold  relief  against  the  dark  background  of  the  middle  ages,  and 
which  will  live  for  centuries  to  come  in  the  memory  of  humanity,  but  in  an  exhibition 
of  arts  and  industries  which  will  tell  the  story  of  the  world's  progress  through  those 
four  centuries,  and  enable  us  to  form  a  just  conception  of  the  advancement  mankind 
has  made  in  every  department  of  life  since  the  day  when  Columbus,  bending  his  knees 
on  the  sand  of  the  southern  island,  poured  out  his  heart  in  gratitude  to  God  that  his 
long  voyage  was  at  last  happily  ended. 

The  idea  of  a  World's  Fair  to  commemorate  the  discovery  of  America  by  Colum- 
bus  was  originated  by  T.  Zaremba,  M.  D. ,  a  citizen  of  Mexico,  who,  present  at  the 
Centennial  Exposition  in  1876,  deeply  impressed  by  that  great  event,  and  keenly  alive 
to  its  economical  and  educational  value,  conceived  the  idea  of  another  exhibit  of  a 
similar  nature  on  a  larger  scale,  and  allowed  no  opportunity  to  pass  to  bring  this  mat- 
ter to  the  attention  of  citizens  of  this  and  other  countries. 

53 


June  11,  1884,  he  sent  to  the  diplomatic  representatives  of  foreign  powers  at 
Washington  an  invitation  to  a  conference  to  consider  the  celebration  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tenary of  America's  discovery  by  Columbus  by  a  World's  Fair  in  Mexico.  Sixteen 
days  thereafter  he  confided  his  plan  to  George  R.  Davis  and  P.  V.  Duester,  and  a  day 
or  two  later  to  William  F.  Poole,  of  Chicago.  July  11,  1884,  he  wrote  about  it  to 
Benson  Lossing,  the  historian. 

In  the  summer  of  1885,  Dr.  Zaremba  was  in  Chicago.  Still  enthusiastic  over  his 
plan  for  the  celebration  he  conferred  with  Levi  Z.  Leiter,  John  P.  Reynolds,  Edwin  Lee 
Brown  and  John  B.  Drake  on  the  subject.  In  Wisconsin,  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year, 
he  chanced  to  see  an  article  in  a  Chicago  newspaper  suggesting  that  a  World's  Fair  be 
held  to  celebrate  Columbus'  discovery  and  that  Chicago  be  the  site.  Dr.  Zaremba 
immediately  returned  to  this  city  and  began  to  work  on  his  own  proposition  with  not 
altogether  encouraging  results.  Nov.  24,  1885,  he  received  from  Secretary  of  State 
Dement  license  to  organize  "The  Chicago  Columbian  Centenary  World's  Fair  and 
Exposition  company."  He  immediately  called  a  meeting,  which  was  held  in  the  Grand 
Pacific  Hotel. 

Among  the  men  who  responded  to  his  invitation  were  A.  C.  and  Washington  Hes- 
ing,  A.  B.  Pullman,  John  A.  Sexton,  W.  K.  Sullivan,  and  several  newspaper  reporters. 
The  meeting  resulted  only  in  a  general  talk,  but  the  lukewarm  interest  evinced  by 
public  in  his  pet  project  did  not  check  the  ardor  of  Dr.  Zaremba. 

In  1886  the  American  Historical  Society  was  in  session  in  Washington.  He 
brought  tne  Columbus  monument  and  attendant  propositions  to  the  notice  of  that  body. 
A  committee  to  confer  with  the  President  of  the  United  States  was  appointed  by  the 
Historical  Society  with  the  hope  that  the  Chief  Magistrate  would  call  the  attention  of 
Congress  to  the  question  and  thereby  obtain  an  expression  of  opinion  as  to  the  best 
manner  of  celebrating  the  fourth  centenary  of  America's  discovery.  Philadelphia, 
which  had  kept  its  eye  on  the  movement,  immediately  sent  a  committee  to  Washington 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  an  appropriatien  for  such  a  celebration  to  be  held  in  that 
city.  Thus  for  the  first  time  the  dim  possibility  of  a  World's  Fair  in  this  country  to 
celebrate  Columbus'  feat  took  on  an  aspect  of  probability. 

In  February,  1882,  the  year  that  the  indefatigable  Dr.  Zaremba  was  impressing 
the  advisability  of  his  scheme  on  the  minds  of  Peter  Cooper  and  other  New  York  men 
there  was  printed  in  a  Chicago  newspaper  a  letter  from  Dr.  Harlan,  of  Chicago,  in 
which  he  suggested  Chicago  as  the  proper  place  for  a  World's  Fair.  In  1885  Dr.  Har- 
lan's  suggestion  was  revived,  and  a  joint  committee  was  appointed  from  the  Chicago, 
Commercial,  Union  League,  and  Iroquois  clubs  to  take  action  on  the  matter  and  report. 

Early  in  1886  a  Board  of  Promotion  was  organized  in  New  England  to  secure 
Congressional  action  in  the  direction  of  a  centenary  celebration.  Following  closely 
upon  its  organization,  July  31,  a  resolution  was  introduced  by  Senator  Hoar  of  Massa- 
chusetts for  the  appointment  of  a  joint  Congressional  committee  of  fourteen  to  con- 
sider the  advisability  of  holding  a  Fair.  Senator  Hoar's  proposition  was  to  have  tem- 
porary and  permanent  buildings  for  such  a  Fair  erected  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

As  soon  as  it  became  evident  that  the  World's  Fair  would  be  a  coveted  honor,  and 
that  the  rivalry  among  the  leading  cities  of  America  for  the  distinction  of  holding  it 
would  be  keen,  Chicago  prepared  to  get  it.  The  City  Council  passed  a  resolution,  July 
22,  1889,  instructing  the  mayor  to  appoint  a  committee  of  one  hundred  to  induce 
Congress  to  locate  the  Fair  at  Chicago.  A  few  days  later,  Thomas  B.  Bryan  was 
requested  by  several  prominent  men  to  write  a  resolution  favoring  the  location  of  the 

54 


Fair  in  this  city.  This  Mr.  Bryan  did,  and  at  a  meeting  held  in  the  Council  chamber, 
the  resolution  was  adopted  after  a  thorough  discussion  of  the  subject  in  all  its  phases, 

August  15,  1889,  the  Secretary  of  State,  at  Springfield.  111.,  granted  a  license  to 
De  Witt  C.  Cregier,  Ferdinand  W.  Peek,  George  Schneider,  Anthony  F.  Seeberger, 
William  C.  Seipp,  John  B.  Walsh  and  E.  Nelson  Blake,  to  open  subscription  books  for 
the  proposed  corporation,  entitled  "The  World's  Exposition  of  1892,  the  object  of 
which  is  the  holding  of  an  international  exhibition,  or  World's  Fair,  in  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago, and  State  of  Illinois,  to  commemorate,  on  its  400th  anniversary,  the  discovery  of 
America." 

The  first  World's  Fair  bill  was  introduced  in  the  United  States  Senate  by  Senator 
Cullom,  of  Illinois,  Dec.  19,  1889,  Jan.  11,  1890,  De  Witt  C.  Cregier,  then  mayor 
of  Chicago;  Thomas  B.  Bryan  and  Edward  T.  Jeffery  appeared  before  a  special  com- 
mittee of  the  United  States  senate,  and  addressed  the  same  in  support  of  Chicago's 
application.  It  was  at  that  meeting  that  Mr.  Bryan  experienced  the  satisfaction  of 
defeating  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  who  led  the  New  York  delegation.  For  this  victory, 
Mr.  Bryan  was  complimented  by  the  entire  press  of  the  country  outside  of  New  York. 

How  the  battle  was  waged  between  East  and  West,  all  the  world  knows  Nothing 
that  could  influence  the  decision  of  Congress  was  left  undone.  Nothing  that  the  press 
could  contribute  toward  the  settlement  of  the  problem  was  left  unwritten.  It  was, 
therefore,  a  signal  indorsement  of  Chicago's  persistency  and  pluck  when  Congress 
voted  Feb.  24,  1890,  to  have  the  Exposition  in  Chicago. 

Then  began  on  the  part  of  citizens  of  Chicago  that  united  effort  for  the  carrying 
out  of  the  project  which  resulted  in  success  so  complete  as  to  compel  the  admiration 
of  the  civilized  world.  Capital  for  the  organization  of  the  World's  Fair  was  subscribed 
March  23,  1890.  A  meeting  of  subscribers  to  the  capital  stock  was  held  in  Battery 
D,  April  4,  1890,  and  a  full  board  of  directors  was  elected,  which,  in  turn,  April  30, 
elected  Lyman  J.  Gage  President  ;  Thomas  B.  Bryan  and  Potter  Palmer,  Vice-Presi- 
dents  ;  Anthony  F.  Seeberger,  Treasurer  ;  Benjamin  Butterworth,  Secretary,  and 
William  K.  Ackerman,  Auditor.  The  first  meeting  of  the  new  directory  was  held 
April  12. 

The  question  of  funds  was  met  promptly  by  the  Illinois  Legislature,  which,  in  a 
special  session,  held  June  12,  1890,  authorized  the  city  of  Chicago  to  increase  its 
bonded  indebtedness  $5,000,000  in  aid  of  the  Exposition.  The  name  was  changed 
to  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  with  the  capital  increased  to  $10, 000, 000.  While 
this  action  of  the  State  Legislature  by  no  means  solved  the  financial  problems  with 
which  the  Fair  has  had  to  contend,  it  went  a  long  way  toward  inspiring  confidence  in 
the  movement,  and  placed  the  Exposition  on  a  sound  basis. 

In  March,  1890,  Senator  Daniel,  of  Virginia,  introduced  a  bill  in  the  Senate  of 
the  United  States  to  authorize  and  establish  the  Exposition  at  Chicago.  It  was 
referred  to  a  special  committee  of  the  two  houses,  which  reported  a  bill  that  passed 
and  was  approved  by  the  President,  April  25,  1890.  The  act  is  entitled  "  An  Act  to 
Provide  for  the  Celebration  of  the  400th  Anniversary  of  the  Discovery  of  America  by 
Christopher  Columbus,  by  holding  an  International  Exhibition  of  Arts,  Industries, 
Manufactures  and  the  Products  of  the  Soil,  Mine  and  Sea,  in  the  City  of  Chicago,  in 
the  State  of  Illinois. " 

The  act  makes  the  following  provisions:  A  national  commission,  to  be  designated 
as  the  World's  Fair  Columbian  Commission,  to  be  composed  of  two  commissioners 
from  each  State  and  Territory  and  from  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  eight  commission- 

55 


ei'S  at  large,  is  created.  The  commissioners  from  the  States  and  Territories  are  to  be 
appointed  by  the  respective  Governors  thereof,  and  those  at  large  from  the  District  of 
Columbia  by  the  President.  Like  provision  is  also  made  for  the  appointment  of  alter- 
nates. The  compensation  of  the  commissioners  must  not  exceed  $6.00  per  day,  when 
they  are  necessarily  away  from  home  on  the  business  of  the  Commission,  and  actual 
traveling  expenses.  The  Secretary  of  State  is  directed  to  notify  the  Governors  to 
appoint  the  commissioners.  When  all  are  appointed  they  shall  meet  at  Chicago  and 
organize,  and  they  are  authorized  to  accept  such  site  and  plans  as  are  submitted  by  the 
corporation  of  the  State  of  Illinois  already  in  existence — "The  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition,"  or  local  directory — provided  that  corporation  gives  evidence  of  the 
possession  of  a  bona-fide  subscribed  capital  stock  of  $5,000,000  and  that  it  can  secure 
an  additional  $5,000,000,  making  $10,000,000  in  all.  The  Commission  is  directed  to 
determine  the  plan  and  scope  of  the  exposition,  allot  space  for  exhibitors,  prepare  a 
classification  of  exhibits,  appoint  judges  and  examiners,  and  generally  have  charge  of 
all  intercourse  with  the  exhibitors  -and  the  representatives  of  foreign  nations.  And  it 
is  also  required  to  appoint  a  Board  of  Lady  Managers.  The  act  directs  that  a  dedica- 
tion of  the  buildings  of  the  Exposition  shall  take  place  with  appropriate  ceremonies, 
October  12,  1892,  and  the  Exposition  shall  be  open  not  later  than  May  1,  1893,  and 
close  not  later  than  October  26,  1893.  Whenever  the  President  shall  be  notified  by 
the  Commission  that  the  preliminary  provisions  of  the  act  have  been  complied  with,  he 
shall  make  a  proclamation  setting  forth  the  time  the  Exposition  shall  open  and  close, 
and  inviting  foreign  nations  to  take  part  therein  and  appoint  representatives  thereto. 
Articles  imported  from  foreign  countries  for  the  sole  purpose  of  exhibition  in  the 
exposition,  shall  be  admitted  duty  free,  but,  if  afterward  sold  for  consumption  in  the 
United  States,  shall  pay  the  customary  duty.  Provision  is  made  for  Government 
exhibits  and  the  erection  of  a  Government  building  or  buildings,  to  cost  not  exceeding 
$400,000.  The  entire  sum  for  which  the  Government  of  the  United  States  is  liable  on 
account  of  this  special  exhibit  must  not  exceed  $1,500,000.  It  is  declared  that  noth- 
ing in  the  act  shall  be  construed  to  create  any  liability  of  the  United  States  for  any 
debt  or  obligation  incurred  by  the  Commission  in  excess  of  the  appropriation  made  by 
Congress.  Section  8  of  the  act  provides,  "That  the  President  is  hereby  empowered 
and  directed  to  hold  a  naval  review  in  New  York  harbor  in  April,  1893,  and  to  extend 
to  foreign  nations  an  invitation  to  send  ships  of  war  to  join  the  United  States  navy  in 
rendezvous  at  Hampton  Roads  and  to  proceed  thence  to  said  review." 

The  commissioners  were  appointed,  and  the  first  session  of  the  Commission  was 
held  at  Chicago,  June  26,  1890.  Hon.  Thomas  W.  Palmer,  of  Michigan,  was  chosen 
president,  and  John  T.  Dickinson,  of  Texas,  secretary.  The  local  corporation,  after 
much  discussion  and  several  changes,  had  finally  selected  Jackson  and  Washington 
Parks  and  the  Lake  Front  Park  as  a  dual  site  for  the  exposition,  and  this  action  was 
ratified  by  the  Commission.  At  the  second  meeting  of  the  Commission,  beginning 
September  15,  a  Director-General  was  elected,  a  Board  of  Lady  Managers  appointed,  the 
classification  of  the  exhibits  made,  and  architectural  designs  for  the  buildings  con- 
sidered. The  President  of  the  United  States  was  subsequently  notified  that  all  the 
preliminary  requirements  of  the  act  of  Congress  had  been  complied  with,  and  in 
accordance  with  the  law  therefore,  on  December  24,  1890,  he  issued  the  following: 

PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas,  Satisfactory  proof   has  been  presented  to  me  that   provision  has  been  made 
for  adequate  grounds  and  buildings  for  the  uses  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and 

£6 


that  a  sum  not  less  that  $10,000,000,  to  be  used  and  expended  for  the  purposes  of  said  Expo- 
sition has  been  provided  in  accordance  with  the  conditions  and  requirements  of  section  ten 
of  the  act  entitled  "  An  act  to  provide  for  celebrating  the  four  hundredth  anniversary  of 
the  discovery  of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus,  by  holding-  an  international  exhibition 
of  arts,  industries,  manufactures,  and  the  products  of  the  soil,  mine  and  sea,  in  the  city  of 
Chicago,  in  the  State  of  Illinois,"  approved  April  25tl_,  1890. 

Now,  therefore,  I,  Benjamin  Harrison,  President  of  the  United  States  by  virtue  of  the 
authority  vested  in  me  by  said  act,  do  hereby  declare  and  proclaim  that  such  international 
exhibition  will  be  opened  on  the  first  day  of  May,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety- 
three,  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  will  not  be  closed  before  the  last 
Thursday  in  October  of  the  same  year. 

And  in  the  name  of  the  Government  and  of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  I  do  hereby 
invite  all  the  nations  of  the  earth  to  take  part  in  the  commemoration  of  an  event  that  is 
preeminent  in  human  history  and  of  lasting  interest  to  mankind,  by  appointing  representa- 
tives thereto,  and  sending  such  exhibits  to  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  as  will 
most  fitly  and  fully  illustrate  their  resources,  their  industries  and  their  progress  in  civili- 
zation. 

In  testimony  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand,  and  caused  the  seal  of  the  United 
States  to  be  affixed. 

Done  at  the  city  of  Washington  this  twenty-fourth  day  of  December,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord  one  thousand,  eight  hundred  and  ninety,  and  the  independence  of  the  United  States 
the  one  hundred  and  fifteenth. 

BY  THE  PRESIDENT, 


Secretary  of  State. 

The  proclamation,  accompanied  by  a  letter  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  regulations 
for  foreign  exhibitors,  regulations  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  governing  the  free 
importation  of  the  exhibits  and  the  prospectus  of  a  proposed  World's  Congress  Auxili- 
ary of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  was  sent  to  the  following  countries  early  in 
January:  Argentine  Republic,  Siberia,  Austria,  Hungary,  Mexico,  Belgium,  Nether- 
lands, Paraguay,  Uruguay,  Brazil,  Persia,  Peru,  Guatemala,  Portugal,  Salvador,  Rou- 
mania,  Nicaragua,  Russia,  Honduras,  Servia,  Costa  Rica,  Siam,  Chili,  Spain,  China, 
Sweden  and  Norway,  Colombia,  Switzerland,  Corea,  Turkey,  Denmark,  United  King- 
dom of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Germany,  France,  etc. 

Ground  was  broken  for  the  first  building  at  Jackson  Park,  that  of  Mines  and 
Mining,  July  2,  1891.  In  April,.  1892,  the  second  annual  meeting  of  the  stockholders 
of  the  Exposition  was  held,  and  the  present  Board  of  Directors  elected.  A  Council  of 
Administration  was  elected  August  12,  1892.  This  was  invested  with  all  the  powers 
of  the  two  governing  bodies  in  all  matters  except  the  appropriations  of  money. 

As  soon  as  the  work  at  Jackson  Park  began  to  show  results,  Chicago  opened  wide 
its  doors  to  visitors.  A  Congressional  committee  came  from  Washington  January  18, 
1882,  and  after  inspecting  the  buildings  and  making  note  of  the  progress  made, 

57 


returned  a  report  which  resulted  subsequently  in  an  additional  appropriation  of  $2,500,- 
000,  which  was,  however,  coupled  with  the  provision  that  the  gates  of  the  Exposition 
should  not  be  opened  Sunday. 

The  finances  of  the  Exposition  show  an  enormous  amount  of  money  expended,  and 
more  than  double  the  cost  of  the  Paris  exposition,  was  paid  out  before  the  gates  were 
swung  open  on  May  1,  1893.  The  cash  register  in  the  treasurer's  office,  showed  that 
the  World's  Fair  had  then  cost  $10,000,000  more  than  the  greatest  exposition  ever 
held.  The  actual  cost  of  the  World's  Fair  cannot  be  estimated  until  the  books  are 
closed,  and  the  exact  amount  can  never  be  accurately  determined  ;  for  foreign  coun- 
tries, state  boards,  fifty-thousand  exhibitors,  an  army  of  concessionaires,  and  others 
who  have  spent  money,  are  not  expected  to  furnish  a  schedule  of  their  outlays.  The 
directors  of  the  Exposition  estimated  that  the  remarkable  total  of  $300,000,000  would 
not  be  too  large.  The  cost  of  the  Exposition  buildings  alone  reaches  the  sum  of  over 
$16,000,000.  The  cost  of  the  principal  buildings  was  as  follows: 

Manufactures  and    Liberal  Arts $1,727,431 

Machinery  Hall  1,175, 897 

Art 737,811 

Agriculture 638,657 

Transportation 483, 183 

Administration 463,213 

Electricity 423,350 

Mines  and  Mining 260,530 

Fisheries 217,672 

Music  Hall,  Casino  and  Peristyle 366,253 

There  were  more  than  200  buildings,  and  more  than  250  acres  under  roof.  All 
of  the  buildings  and  grounds  were  brilliantly  lighted  by  electricity  at  a  cost  of  about 
$450, 000.  The  grand  total  of  expenditure  for  buildings  and  grounds  by  the  United 
States,  the  Exposition  company,  states  and  territories,  foreign  nations,  and  individuals, 
exceeded  $40,000,000. 

The  receipts  of  the  exposition  company,  to  May  1,  from  all  sources,  were  as 
follows : 

Popular  subscription 8  5,581,173.80 

Chicago  bonds 5,000,000.00 

Souvenir   coins  1,929,120.00 

Premium  on  coins 492,112.28 

World's  Fair  bonds 5,000,000.00 

Gate  receipts 346,643.51 

Interest  on  funds 95,242.51 

Concession  receipts 171,181.54 

Miscellaneous  receipts 193,465.47 

Deposits  by  concessionaires 85,196.75 

Total $19,076, 186. 88 

Neither  statistics  nor  description  can  give  an  adequate  idea  of  the  magnificent 
buildings  of  the  exposition.  Only  eye  and  mind  can  grasp  their  beauty  and  magni- 
tude. Imagine  an  area  equal  to  that  of  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1889,  Philadelphia 
Exposition  in  1876,  and  Vienna  Exposition  in  1883,  combined.  Jackson  Park,  the 
site  of  the  exposition  contains  five  hundred  and  fifty-three  acres  of  ground,  with  a 
frontage  on  Lake  Michigan  of  a  mile  and  a  half.  The  Mid- way  Plaisance  devoted  to 
the  same  purpose  as  the  exposition,  consists  of  a  strip  of  land  between  Sixtieth  and 
Sixty-third  streets,  connecting  Jackson  Park  with  Washington  Park,  a  mile  west,  and 

58 


contains  eighty  acres.  Together  they  furnish  a  location  at  once  unique  and  ideal. 
Beautiful  as  was  the  sight — the  Camps  de  Mars — and  its  approaches,  and  captiA^ating 
to  the  admiration  as  were  the  graceful  and  imposing  edifices  at  the  Paris  Expositions 
of  1878  and  1889,  they  were  surpassed  by  those  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition 
at  Chicago. 

THE  MANUFACTURES  BUILDING. 

Without  underrating  the  vast  treasures  of  human  industry  and  art  that  are  col- 
lected at  Jackson  Park,  the  buildings  themselves  are  the  greatest  attraction.  For  vast 
extent,  boldness  of  conception,  wonderful  engineering,  faultless  proportions,  and 
impressive  grandeur  the  Manufactures  building  is  easily  the  greatest  of  them  all,  and 
the  greatest  building  on  earth.  This  building  covers  an  area  of  l,687x  757  feet,  and 
is,  in  its  main  portions,  over  200  feet  high.  It  is  more  than  a  third  of  a  mile  long, 
and  nearly  a  sixth  of  a  mile  wide,  and  covers  over  thirty  acres  of  ground.  In  the 
center  of  this  space  is  a  court  1,237  x  387  feet  in  size,  the  roof  of  which  is  supported 
on  gigantic  steel  trusses,  which  span  the  entire  width,  and  are  210  feet  high,  or  fifty 
feet  higher  than  those  of  the  Machinery  Hall  at  Paris,  forming  the  largest  unincumb- 
ered  court  ever  constructed.  Around  this  court  runs  a  nave,  107  feet  wide,  with  a 
gable  roof  114  feet  high;  and  around  the  nave  runs  a  lean-to  forty-five  feet  wide,  cov- 
ering an  uninclosed  ambulatory.  Tho  building  is  in  the  Corinthian  style  of  architec- 
ture, and  in  point  of  being  severely  classic  excels  nearly  all  the  other  edifices.  The 
long  array  of  columns  and  arches,  which  its  facades  present,  is  relieved  from  mono- 
tony by  very  elaborate  ornamentation.  In  this  ornamentation  female  figures,  symboli- 
cal of  the  various  arts  and  sciences,  play  a  conspicuous  and  very  attractive  part  The 
exterior  of  the  building  is  covered  with  "staff,"  which  is  treated  to  represent  marble. 
The  huge  fluted  columns  and  the  immense  arches  are  apparently  of  this  beautiful 
material.  There  were  four  great  entrances,  one  in  the  center  of  each  facade.  These 
are  designed  in  the  manner  of  triumphal  arches,  the  central  archway  of  each  being  40 
feet  wide  and  80  feet  high.  Surmounting  these  portals  is  the  great  attic  story  orna- 
mented with  sculptured  eagles  18  feet  high,  and  on  each  side  above  the  side  arches  are 
great  panels  with  inscriptions,  and  the  spandrils  filled  with  sculptured  figures  in  bas- 
relief  At  each  corner  of  the  main  building  are  pavilions  formed  in  great  arched 
entrances,  which  are  designed  in  harmony  with  the  great  portals.  The  building  occu- 
pies a  most  conspicuous  place  in  the  grounds.  It  faces  the  lake,  with  only  lawns  and 
promenades  between.  North  of  it  is  the  United  States  Government  building,  south 
the  harbor  and  in-jutting  lagoon,  and  west  the  Electrical  Building  and  the  lagoon  sep- 
arating it  from  the  great  island,  which  in  part  is  wooded  and  in  part  resplendent  with 
acres  of  bright  flowers  of  varied  hues. 

THE    FISHERIES    BUILDING. 

The  Fisheries  Building  embraces  a  large  central  structure,  with  two  smaller  poly- 
gonal buildings  connected  with  it  on  either  end  by  arcades.  The  extreme  length  of  the 
building  is  1,100  feet  and  the  width  200  feet.  It  is  located  to  the  northward  of  the 
United  States  Government  Building.  In  the  central  portion  is  the  general  fisheries 
exhibit,  in  one  of  the  polygonal  buildings,  is  the  Angling  exhibit,  and  in  the  other  the 
Aquaria.  The  exterior  of  the  building,  Spanish  Romanesque,  contrasts  agreeably  in 
appearance  with  that  of  the  other  buildings.  The  architect,  Henry  Ives  Cobb,  exerted 
all  his  ingenuity  in  arranging  innumerable  forms  of  capitals,  modillions,  brackets, 

59 


cornices  and  other  ornamental  details;  using  only  fish  and  other  sea  forms  for  his  motif 
of  design.  The  roof  of  the  building  is  of  old  Spanish  tile,  and  the  side  walls  of  pleasing 
color.  In  the  center  of  the  polygonal  building  is  a  rotunda  60  feet  in  diameter,  in  the 
middle  of  v^hich  is  a  basin  or  pool  26  feet  wide,  from  which  rises  a  towering  mass  of 
rocks,  covered  with  moss  and  lichens:  From  clefts  and  crevices  in  the  rocks  crystal 
streams  of  water  gush  and  drop  to  the  mass  of  reeds,  rushes,  and  ornamental  semi- 
aquatic  plants  in  the  basin  below.  In  this  pool  georgeous  gold  fishes,  golden  ides, 
golden  tench  and  other  fishes  disport.  From  the  rotunda  one  side  of  the  larger  series 
of  Aquaria  may  be  viewed.  These  are  ten  in  number,  and  have  a  capacity  of  7,000  to 
27,000  gallons  of  water  each.  Passing  out  of  the  rotunda,  a  great  corridor  or  arcade 
is  reached,  where  on  one  hand  can  be  viewed  the  opposite  side  of  the  series  of  great 
tanks,  and  on  the  other  a  line  of  tanks  somewhat  smaller,  ranging  from  750  to  1,500 
gallons  each  in  capacity.  The  corridor  or  arcade  is  about  15  feet  wide.  The  glass 
fronts  of  the  aquaria  are  in  length  about  575  feet  and  have  3,000  square  feet  of 
surface.  The  total  water  capacity  of  the  Aquaria,  exclusive  of  reservoirs,  is  18,725 
cubic  feet,  or  140,000  gallons.  This  weighs  1,192,425  pounds,  or  almost  600  tons. 
Of  this  amount  about  40, 000  gallons  is  devoted  to  the  Marine  exhibit.  In  the  entire 
salt-water  circulation,  including  reservoirs,  there  are  about  80,000  gallons.  The 
pumping  and  distributing  plant  for  the  marine  Aquaria  is  constructed  of  vulcanite. 
The  pumps  are  in  duplicate,  and  each  has  a  capacity  of  30, 000  gallons  per  hour.  The 
supply  of  sea  water  was  secured  by  evaporating  the  necessary  quantity  at  the  Wood's 
Holl  station  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission  to  about  one-fifth  its  bulk,  thus 
reducing  both  quantity  and  weight  for  transportation  about  80  per  cent.  The  fresh 
water  required  to  restore  it  to  its  proper  density  was  supplied  from  Lake  Michigan. 

THE    FIXE    ARTS    BUILDING. 

Grecian- Ionic  in  style,  the  Fine  Arts  building  is  a  pure  type  of  the  most  refined 
classic  architecture.  The  building  is  oblong,  and  is  500  by  320  feet,  intersected  north, 
east,  south  and  west  by  a  great  nave  and  transept  100  feet  wide  and  70  feet  high,  at 
the  intersect  on  of  which  is  a  dome  60  feet  in  diameter.  The  building  is  125  feet  to  the 
top  of  the  dome,  which  is  surmounted  by  a  colossal  statue  of  the  type  of  the  famous 
figure  of  Winged  Victory.  The  transept  has  a  clear  space  through  the  center  of  60 
feet,  being  lighted  entirely  from  above.  On  either  side  are  galleries  20  feet  wide  and 
24  feet  above  the  floor.  The  collections  of  the  sculpture  are  displayed  on  the  main 
floor  of  the  nave  and  transept,  and  on  the  walls  both  of  the  ground  floor  and  of  the 
galleries  are  ample  areas  for  displaying  the  paintings  and  sculptured  panels  in  relief. 
The  corners  made  by  the  crossing  of  the  nave  and  transept  are  filled  with  small  pic- 
ture galleries.  Around  the  entire  building  are  galleries  40  feet  wide,  forming  a  con- 
tinuous promenade  around  the  classic  structure.  Between  the  promenade  and  the 
naves  are  smaller  rooms  devoted  to  private  collections  of  paintings  and  the  collections 
of  the  various  art  schools.  On  either  side  of  the  main  building,  and  connected  with 
it  by  handsome  corridors,  are  very  large  annexes,  which  are  also  utilized  by  various 
art  exhibits.  The  main  building  is  entered  by  four  great  portals,  richly  ornamented 
with  architectural  sculpture,  and  approached  by  broad  flights  of  steps.  The  walls  of 
the  loggia  of  the  colonnades  are  highly  decorated  with  mural  paintings,  illustrating  the 
history  and  progress  of  the  arts.  The  frieze  of  the  exterior  walls  and  the  pediments 
of  the  principal  entrances  are  ornamented  with  sculptures  and  portraits  in  bas-relief 

of  the  masters  of  ancient  art. 

60 


The  construction,  though  of  a  temporary  character,  is  necessarily  fire-proof.  The 
main  walls  are  of  solid  brick,  covered  with  "staff,"  architecturally  ornamented,  while 
the  roof,  floors  and  galleries  are  of  iron.  The  building  is  located  beautifully  in  the 
northern  portion  of  the  park,  with  the  south  front  facing  the  lagoon.  It  is  separated 
from  the  lagoon  by  beautiful  terraces,  ornamented  with  balustrades,  with  broad  steps 
leading  down  from  the  main  portal  of  the  lagoon,  where  is  a  landing  for  boats.  The 
north  front  faces  the  wide  lawn  and  the  group  of  State  buildings.  The  immediate 
neighborhood  of  the  building  is  ornamented  with  groups  of  statues,  replica  ornaments 
of  classic  art,  such  as  the  Cloragic  monument,  the  "Cave  of  the  Winds,"  and  other 
beautiful  examples  of  Grecian  art.  The  ornamentation  also  includes  statues  of  heroic 
and  life-size  proportions. 

THE  WOMAN'S  BUILDING. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  buildings  on  the  grounds,  is  that  which  stands  for 
woman's  progress  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  The  Woman's  building  is  situated  in  the 
nortnwestern  part  of  the  park,  separated  by  a  generous  distance  from  the  Horticultural 
building  on  one  side  and  the  Illinois  State  building  on  the  other.  It  faces  the  great 
lagoon,  which  directly  in  front  of  it,  takes  the  form  of  a  bay  about  400  feet  in  width. 
From  this  sheet  of  water,  ascent  is  made  to  the  building  by  terraces  and  broad  stair- 
ways. The  architecture  of  the  building  is  in  the  Italian  renaissance.  The  principal 
facade  has  an  extreme  length  of  400  feet,  the  depth  of  the  structure  being  half  this 
distance.  The  main  grouping  consists  of  a  center  pavilion,  flanked  at  either  end  with 
corner  pavilions,  connected  in  the  first  story  by  open  arcades,  forming  a  shady  prom- 
enade the  whole  length  of  the  structure.  The  first  story  is  raised  about  ten  feet  from 
the  ground  line,  and  a  wide  staircase  leads  to  the  center  pavilion.  This  is  finished 
with  a  low  and  finely  proportioned  pediment,  enriched  with  an  elaborate  bas-relief. 
The  corner  pavilions  have  each  an  open  colonade  added  above  the  main  cornice.  Here 
are  located  the  hanging  gardens  and  the  committee  rooms  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Manag- 
ers. A  lobby  40  feet  wide  leads  into  the  open  rotunda,  which  reaches  through  the 
entire  height  of  the  building,  and  is  protected  by  a  richly  ornamented  skylight.  This 
rotunda  is  surrounded  by  a  two-story  open  arcade,  having  the  effect  of  an  Italian  court 
yard. 

The  sculptor  of  the  Woman's  building  is  Miss  Alice  Hideout,  of  San  Francisco. 
Her  subjects  are  "Three  Fates,"  six  casts  of  each,  and  "A  Family  Group,"  making 
twelve  groups  in  all.  These  are  the  figures  which  surmount  the  building.  The  pedi- 
ment of  the  east  and  west  entrances,  represent  the  various  works  in  which  women  are 
interested.  The  mural  decorations  of  the  building  have  been  completed  under  the 
direction  of  Mrs.  Candace  Wheeler,  of  New  York.  In  her  work  she  has  been  assisted 
by  Miss  Dora  Wheeler  Keith. 

THE    HORTICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

Immediately  south  of  zhe  entrance  to  Jackson  Park  from  the  Midway  Plaisance, 
and  facing  east  on  the  lagoon,  is  the  Horticultural  building.  In  front  is  a  flower 
terrace  for  outside  exhibits,  including  tanks  for  Nymphaea  and  the  Victoria  Regia. 
The  front  of  the  terrace,  with  its  low  parapet  between  large  vases,  borders  the  water, 
and  at  its  center  forms  a  boat  landing.  The  building  is  1,000  feet  long,  with  an 
extreme  width  of  250  feet.  The  plan  is  a  central  pavilion  with  two  end  pavilions,  each 
connected  with  the  central  one  by  front  and  rear  curtains,  forming  two  interior  courts, 

61 


each  88  by  270  feet.  These  courts  are  beautifully  decorated  in  color  and  planted  with 
ornamental  shrubs  and  flowers.  The  center  of  the  pavilion  is  roofed  by  a  crystal  dome 
187  feet  in  diameter  and  113  feet  high,  under  which  are  exhibited  the  tallest  palms, 
bamboos  and  tree  ferns  that  can  be  procured.  There  are  galleries  in  each  of  the 
pavilions.  The  galleries  of  the  end  pavilions  are  designed  for  cafes.  These  cafes  are 
surrounded  by  an  arcade  on  three  sides,  from  which  charming  views  of  the  grounds 
can  be  obtained.  In  this  building  are  exhibited  all  the  varieties  of  flowers,  plants, 
vines,  seeds,  horticultural  implements,  etc.  Those  exhibits  requiring  sunshine  and 
light  are  shown  in  the  rear  curtains,  where  the  roof  is  entirely  of  .glass  and  not  too  far 
removed  from  the  plants .  The  front  curtains  and  space  under  the  galleries  are  designed 
for  exhibits  that  require  only  the  ordinary  amount  of  light.  The  exterior  of  the  build- 
ing is  in  "staff,"  tinted  in  a  soft  warm  buff,  color  being  reserved  for  the  interior  and 
the  courts.  W.  L.  B.  Jenny,  of  Chicago,  is  the  architect.  The  sculptor  of  the  Horti- 
cultural building  is  Lorado  Taft,  of  Chicago.  His  subjects  are  the  "Group  of  Flow- 
ers," "Group of  the  Seasons,"  four  single  floral  figures,  and  the  Cupid  frieze,  six  feet 
wide,  which  extends  all  around  the  building.  The  total  space  in  the  building  available 
for  exhibits,  including  open  courts,  is  177,120  square  feet.  The  space  assigned  to  the 
department  for  exhibits  of  trees,  shrubs,  and  plants  embrace  about  twenty-five  acres. 

THE    AGRICULTURAL    BUILDING. 

One  of  the  most  magnificent  structures  raised  for  the  Exposition  is  the  Agricul- 
tural building.  The  style  of  architecture  is  classic  renaissance.  This  building  is  near 
the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  and  is  almost  surrounded  by  the  lagoons  that  lead  into  the 
park  from  the  lake.  It  is  500  x  800  feet,  its  longest  dimensions  being  east  and  west. 
The  east  front  looks  out  into  a  harbor.  The  entire  west  exposure  of  the  building 
faces  a  branch  of  the  lagoon  that  extends  along  the  north  side.  On  either  side  of  the 
main  entrance  are  mammoth  Corinthian  pillars,  fifty  feet  high  and  five  feet  in  diame- 
ter. On  each  corner  and  from  the  center  of  the  building  pavilions  are  reared,  the 
center  one  being  144  feet  square.  The  corner  pavilions  are  connected  by  curtains, 
forming  a  continuous  arcade  around  the  top  of  the  building.  The  main  entrance  lead& 
through  an  opening  sixty-four  feet  wide  into  a  vestibule,  from  which  entrance  is  had 
to  the  rotunda,  100  feet  in  diameter.  This  is  surmounted  by  a  mammoth  glass  dome 
130  feet  high.  All  through  the  main  vestibule  statuary  has  been  designed,  illustrative 
of  the  agricultural  industry.  Similar  designs  are  grouped  about  all  the  grand  entrances 
in  the  most  elaborate  manner.  The  corner  pavilions  are  surmounted  by  domes  ninety- 
six  feet  high  and  above  these  tower  groups  of  statuary.  The  design  for  these  domes 
is  that  of  three  women  of  herculean  proportions,  supporting  a  mammoth  globe.  This 
is  by  Martiny  of  New  York.  The  Agricultural  building  covers  more  than  nine  acres 
and  its  annex  about  3. 5  acres.  It  cost  $658, 687  to  build  them. 

THE    TRANSPORTATION    BUILDING. 

The  Transportation  building  overlooks  the  wooded  island,  forming  one  of  the 
group  of  edifices  composing  the  northern  architectural  court  of  the  Exposition.  It  is 
refined  and  simple  in  architectural  treatment.  The  main  entrance  consists  of  an 
immense  single  arch,  enriched  to  an  extraordinary  degree  with  carvings,  bas-relief  and 
mural  paintings,  the  entire  feature  forming  a  rich  and  beautiful  yet  quiet  color  climax, 
for  it  is  treated  in  leaf  and  is  called  the  golden  gate.  The  remainder  of  the  architec- 

62 


tural  composition  falls  into  a  just  relation  of  contrast  with  the  highly  wrought  entrance 
and  is  duly  quiet  and  modest,  though  very  broad  in  treatment.  It  consists  of  a  contin- 
uous arcade  with  subordinated  colonnade  and  entablature.  Numerous  minor  entrances 
are  from  time  to  time  pierced  in  the  walls,  and  with  them  are  grouped  terraces,  seats, 
drinking  fountains  and  statues.  The  interior  of  the  building  is  treated  much  after  the 
manner  of  a  Roman  basilica,  with  broad  nave  and  aisles.  The  roof  is  therefore  in 
three  divisions.  The  middle  one  rises  much  higher  than  the  others,  and  its  walls  are 
pierced  to  form  a  beautiful  arcaded  clearstory.  The  cupola,  placed  exactly  in  the 
center  of  the  building  and  rising  165  feet  above  the  ground,  is  reached  by  eight 
elevators.  These  elevators  of  themselves  naturally  form  a  part  of  the  Transportation 
exhibit,  and  as  they  also  carry  passengers  to  galleries  at  various  stages  of  height,  a 
fine  view  of  the  interior  of  the  building  may  easily  be  obtained.  The  main  galleries  of 
this  building,  because  of  the  abundant  elevator  facilities,  prove  quite  accessible  to 
visitors.  The  main  building  measures  960  feet  front  by  250  feet  deep.  From  this 
extends  westward  to  Stoney  Island  avenue  an  enormous  annex,  covering  about  nine 
acres.  In  it  may  be  seen  the  more  bulky  exhibits.  Along  the  central  avenue  or  nave 
the  visitor  may  see  facing  each  other  scores  of  locomotive  engines,  highly  polished, 
and  rendering  the  perspective  effect  of  the  nave  both  exceedingly  novel  and  striking. 
Add  to  the  effects  of  the  exhibits  the  architectural  effect  produced  by  a  long  vista  of 
richly  ornamented  colonnade,  and  it  may  easily  be  seen  that  the  interior  of  the  Trans- 
portation building  is  one  of  the  most  impressive  of  the  Exposition.  The  Transpor- 
tation exhibits  naturally  include  everything,  of  whatsoever  name  or  sort,  devoted  to 
the  purpose  of  transportation,  and  ranging  from  a  baby  carriage  to  a  mogul  engine, 
from  a  cash  conveyor  to  a  balloon  or  carrier  pigeon.  Adler  &  Sullivan,  of  Chicago, 
are  the  architects.  John  L.  Boyle,  of  Philadelphia,  is  the  sculptor.  Among  the 
subjects  which  he  treated  are  twelve  single  figures  representing  the  inventors  of  all 
nations.  On  the  east  facade  of  the  building  are  placed  eight  groups  representing  the 
"Ship  of  State."  Three  figures  on  the  cowcatcher  of  a  locomotive,  five  bas-reliefs 
around  the  main  entrance,  representing  the  progress  of  transportation  from  the  earliest 
means,  oxen  and  plow,  down  to  the  most  recent  discovery,  are  also  Mr.  Boyle's  work. 

THE    GOVERNMENT    BUILDING. 

Near  the  lake  shore,  south  of  the  main  lagoon,  and  of  the  area  reserved  for  the 
foreign  nations  and  the  several  States,  and  east  of  the  Woman's  building  and  of  Mid- 
way Plaisance^  is  the  Government  Exhibit  building.  The  Government  building  was 
designed  by  Architect  Windrim,  succeeded  by  W.  J.  Edbrooke.  It  is  classic  in  style, 
and  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  National  Museum  and  other  Government  build- 
ings at  Washington.  It  covers  an  area  of  350  by  420  feet,  constructed  of  iron  and 
glass.  Its  leading  architectural  feature  is  an  imposing  central  dome  120  feet  in  diame- 
ter and  150  feet  high,  the  floor  of  which  is  kept  free  from  exhibits.  The  building 
fronts  to  the  west  and  connects  on  the  north  by  a  bridge  over  the  lagoon,  with  the 
building  of  the  Fisheries  exhibit.  The  south  half  of  the  Government  building  is 
devoted  to  the  exhibits  of  the  Postoffice  Department,  Treasury  Department,  War 
Department  and  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  north  half  is  devoted  to  the  exhibits 
of  the  Fish-eries  Commission,  Smithsonian  Institute  and  Interior  Department.  The 
State  Department  exhibit  extends  from  the  rotunda  to  the  east  end,  and  that  of  the 
Department  of  Justice  from  the  rotunda  to  the  west  end  of  the  building.  The  allot- 

63 


ment  of  space  for  the  several  department  exhibits  is:  War  Department,  23,000  square 
feet;  Treasury,  10,500  square  feet;  Agriculture,  23,250  square  feet;  Interior,  24,000 
square  feet;  Postofflce,  9  000  square  feet;  Fishery,  20,000  square  feet,  and  Smith- 
sonian Institute,  balance  of  space. 

THE    FORESTRY    BUILDING. 

The  Forestry  building  is  the  most  unique  of  all  the  Exposition  structures.  Its 
dimensions  are  200  by  500  feet.  To  a  remarkable  degree  its  architecture  is  of  the 
rustic  order.  On  all  four  sides  of  the  building  is  a  veranda,  supporting  the  roof  of 
which  is  a  colonnade  consisting  of  a  series  of  columns  composed  of  three  tree-trunks, 
each  25  feet  in  length,  one  of  them  from  16  to  20  inches  in  diameter  and  the  others 
smaller.  All  of  these  trunks  are  left  in  their  natural  state,  with  bark  undisturbed. 
They  are  contributed  by  the  different  States  and  Territories  of  the  Union  and  by 
foreign  countries,  each  furnishing  specimens  of  its  most  characteristic  trees.  The 
sides  of  the  building  are  constructed  of  slabs  with  the  bark  removed.  The  window 
frames  are  treated  in  the  same  rustic  manner  as  the  rest  of  the  building.  The  main 
entrances  are  elaborately  finished  in  different  kinds  of  wood,  the  material  and  work- 
manship being  contributed  by  several  prominent  lumber  associations.  The  roof  is 
thatched  with  tan  and  other  barks.  The  visitor  can  make  no  mistake  as  to  the  kinds 
of  tree-trunks  which  form  the  colonnade,  for  upon  each  is  a  tablet  upon  which  is 
inscribed  the  common  and  scientific  name,  the  State  or  country  from  which  the  trunk 
was  contributed,  and  other  pertinent  information,  such  as  the  approximate  quantity  of 
such  timber  in  the  region  whence  it  came.  Surmounting  the  cornice  of  the  veranda 
and  extending  all  around  the  building  are  numerous  flagstaffs  bearing  the  colors,  coats- 
of-arms,  etc.,  of  the  Nations  and  States  represented  in  the  exhibits  inside. 

MACHINERY    HALL. 

Machinery  Hall,  of  which  Peabody  &  Stearns,  of  Boston,  are  the  architects,  has 
been  pronounced  by  many  architects  second  only  to  the  Administration  building  in  the 
magnificence  of  its  appearance.  This  building  measures  850  by  500  feet.  It  is  located 
at  the  extreme  south  end  of  the  park,  midway  between  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan 
and  the  west  line  of  the  park.  It  is  just  south  of  the  Administration  building,  and 
west  and  across  a  lagoon  from  the  Agricultural  building.  The  building  is  spanned  by 
three  arched  trusses,  and  the  interior  presents  the  appearance  of  three  railroad  train- 
houses  side  by*  side,  surrounded  on  all  the  four  sides  by  a  gallery  50  feet  wide.  The 
trusses  are  built  separately,  so  that  they  can  be  taken  down  and  sold  for  use  as  railroad 
train-houses.  In  each  of  the  long  naves  there  is  an  elevated  traveling  crane  running 
from  end  to  end  of  the  building  for  the  purpose  of  moving  machinery.  These  plat- 
forms are  built  so  that  visitors  may  view  from  them  the  exhibits  beneath.  The  power 
for  this  building  is  supplied  from  a  power-honse  adjoining  the  south  side  of  the  build- 
ing. Among  the  sculptures  that  adorn  the  building  are  figures  of  victory  placed  on 
the  towers  and  pinnacles.  These  were  modeled  by  N.  A.  Waagen  and  Robert  Kraus. 
Seventeen  of  them  are  reproductions  in  copper  by  William  H.  Mullens,  of  Salem,  0. 
The  pediment  has  ten  figures  of  science  and  six  of  inventors.  The  first  were  modeled 
by  Waagen,  the  latter  by  Kraus. 

THE    ELECTRICAL    BUILDING. 

The  Electrical  building,  the  seat  of  perhaps  the  most  novel  and  brilliant  exhibit 
in  the  whole  Exposition,  is  345  feet  wide  and  700  feet  long,  the  major  axis  running 

64 


north  and  south.  The  south  front  is  on  the  great  quadrangle  or  court;  the  nortli  front 
faces  the  lagoon;  the  east  front  is  opposite  the  Manufactures  building,  and  the  west 
faces  the  Mines  building.  The  general  scheme  of  the  plan  is  based  upon  a  longitudinal 
nave  115  feet  wide  and  114  feet  high,  crossed  in  the  middle  by  a  transept  of  the  same 
width  and  height.  The  nave  and  the  transept  have  a  pitched  roof,  with  a  range  of  sky- 
lights at  the  bottom  of  the  pitch,  and  clearstory  windows.  The  second  story  is  com- 
posed of  a  series  of  galleries  connected  across  the  nave  by  two  bridges,  with  access  by 
four  grand  staircases.  The  area  of  the  galleries  in  the  second  story  is  118,546  square 
feet,  or  2. 7  acres.  The  exterior  walls  of  this  building  are  composed  of  a  continuous 
Corinthian  order  of  pilasters,  5  feet  6  inches  wide  and  42  feet  high,  supporting  a  full 
entablature,  and  resting  upon  a  stylobate  8  feet  6  inches.  The  total  height  of  the  walls 
from  the  grade  outside  is  68  feet  6  inches.  At  each  of  the  four  corners  of  the  build- 
ing there  is  a  pavilion,  above  which  rises  a  light  open  spire  or  tower  169  feet  high. 
Intermediate  between  these  corner  pavilions  and  the  central  pavilions  on  the  east  and 
west  sides  there  is  a  subordinate  pavilion  bearing  a  low  square  dome  upon  an  open 
lantern.  The  building  has  an  open  portico  extending  along  the  whole  of  the  south 
facade,  the  lower  or  Ionic  order  forming  an  open  screen  in  front  of  it.  The  various 
subordinate  pavilions  are  treated  with  windows  and  balconies.  The  details  of  the 
exterior  orders  are  richly  decorated,  and  the  pediments,  friezes,  panels  and  spandrils 
received  a  decoration  of  figures  in  relief,  with  architectural  motifs,  the  general 
tendency  of  which  is  to  illustrate  the  purposes  of  the  building.  The  appearance  of 
the  exterior  is  that  of  marble,  but  the  walls  of  the  hemicycle  and  of  the  various  porticos 
and  loggia  are  highly  enriched  with  color,  the  pilasters  in  these  places  being  decorated 
with  scagliola,  and  the  capitals  with  metallic  effects  in  bronze.  Van  Brunt  &  Howe, 
of  Kansas  City,  are  the  architects. 

MINES    AND    MINING    BUILDING. 

Located  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  western  lagoon  or  lake,  and  between 
the  Electricity  and  Transportation  buildings,  is  the  Mines  and  Mining  building.  This 
building  is  700  feet  long  by  350  feet  wide,  and  the  architect  is  S.  S.  Beman,  of  Chi- 
cago. Its  architecture  has  its  inspiration  in  early  Italian  renaissance,  with  which 
sufficient  liberty  is  taken  to  invest  the  building  with  the  animation  that  should  charac- 
terize a  great  general  Exposition.  There  is  a  decided  French  spirit  pervading  the 
exterior  design,  but  it  is  kept  well  subordinated.  In  plan  it  is  simple  and  straightfor- 
ward, embracing  on  the  ground  floor  spacious  vestibules,  restaurants,  toilet-rooms,  etc. 
On  each  of  the  four  sides  of  the  building  are  placed  the  entrances,  those  of  the  north 
and  south  fronts  being  the  most  spacious  and  prominent.  To  the  right  and  left  of  each 
entrance,  inside,  start  broad  flights  of  easy  stairs  leading  to  the  galleries.  The  galleries 
are  60  feet  wide  and  25  feet  high  from  the  ground  floor,  and  are  lighted  on  the  sides 
by  large  windows,  and  from  above  by  a  high  clearstory  extending  around  the  building. 
The  main  fronts  look  southward  on  the  great  Central  Court,  and  northward  on  the 
western  and  middle  lakes  and  an  island  gorgeous  with  flowers.  These  principal  fronts 
display  enormous  arched  entrances,  richly  embellished  with  sculptural  decorations 
emblematic  of  mining  and  its  allied  industries.  At  each  end  of  these  fronts  are  large 
square  pavilions,  surmounted  by  low  domes,  which  mark  the  four  corners  of  the  build- 
ing and  are  lighted  by  large  arched  windows  extending  through  the  galleries. 
Between  the  main  entrance  and  the  pavilions  are  richly  decorated  arcades,  forming  an 
open  loggia  on  the  ground  floor  and  a  deeply  recessed  promenade  on  the  gallery  floor 

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level,  which  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  lakes  and  islands  to  the  northward  and  the 
great  Central  Court  on  the  south.  These  covered  promenades  are  each  25  feet  wide 
and  230  feet  long,  and  from  them  is  had  access  to  the  building  at  numerous  points. 
These  loggias  on  the  first  floor  are  faced  with  marbles  of  different  kinds  and  hues, 
which  is  considered  part  of  the  Mining  Exhibit,  and  so  utilized  as  to  have  marketable 
value  at  the  close  of  the  Exposition.  The  loggia  ceilings  are  heavily  coffered  and 
richly  decorated  in  plaster  and  color.  The  ornamentation  is  massed  at  the  prominent 
points  of  the  facade. 

THE    ADMINISTRATION    BUILDING. 

The  Administration  building  is  pronounced  the  gem  and  crown  of  the  Exposition 
palaces.  It  is  located  at  the  west  end  of  the  great  court  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
site,  looking  eastward,  and  at  its  rear  are  the  transportation  facilities  and  depots.  The 
most  conspicuous  object  which  attracts  the  gaze  of  visitors  on  reaching  the  grounds  is 
the  gilded  dome  of  this  lofty  building.  The  architect  is  Richard  M.  Hunt,  of  New 
York,  President  of  the  American  Institute  of  Architects.  It  covers  an  area  of  260  feet 
square  and  consists  of  four  pavilions  84  feet  square,  one  at  each  of  the  four  angles  of 
the  square,  and  connected  by  a  great  central  dome  120  feet  in  diameter,  and  220  feet 
in  height,  leaving  at  the  center  of  each  facade  a  recess  82  feet  wide,  within  which  are 
the  grand  entrances  to  the  building.  The  general  design  is  in  the  style  of  the  French 
renaissance.  The  first  great  story  is  in  the  Doric  order,  of  heroic  proportions,  sur- 
rounded by  a  lofty  balustrade  and  having  the  great  tiers  of  the  angle  of  each  pavilion 
crowned  with  sculpture.  The  second  story  with  its  lofty  and  spacious  colonnade  is  of 
the  Ionic  order.  The  four  great  entrances,  one  on  each  side  of  the  building,  are  50 
feet  wide  and  50  feet  high,  deeply  recessed  and  covered  by  semi-circular  arched  vaults, 
richly  coffered.  In  the  rear  of  these  arches  are  the  entrance  doors,  and  above  them 
great  screens  of  glass,  giving  light  to  the  central  rotunda.  Across  the  face  of  these 
screens,  at  the  level  of  the  office  floor,  are  galleries  of  communication  between  the 
different  pavilions.  The  interior  features  of  this  great  building  even  exceed  in  beauty 
and  splendor  those  of  the  exterior.  Between  every  two  of  the  grand  entrances  and 
connecting  the  intervening  pavilion  with  the  great  rotunda  is  a  hall  or  loggia  30  feet 
square,  giving  access  to  the  offices,  and  provided  with  broad,  circular  stairwaj's  and 
swift-running  elevators.  Above  the  balcony  is  the  second  story,  50  feet  in  height. 
From  the  top  of  the  cornice  of  this  story  rises  the  interior  dome,  200  feet  from  the 
floor,  and  in  the  center  is  an  opening  50  feet  in  diameter,  transmitting  a  flow  of  light 
from  the  exterior  dome  overhead.  The  under  side  of  the  dome  is  enriched  with  deep 
panelings,  richly  molded,  and  the  panels  are  filled  with  sculpture  in  low  relief  and 
immense  paintings  representing  the  arts  and  sciences.  In  size  this  rotunda  rivals,  if 
it  does  not  surpass,  the  most  celebrated  domes  of  a  similar  character  in  the  world. 

THE    NAVAL    EXHIBIT. 

Unique  among  the  other  exhibits  is  that  made  by  the  United  States  Naval  Depart- 
ment. It  is  in  a  structure  which,  to  all  outward  appearance,  is  a  faithful  full-sized 
model  of  one  of  the  new  coast-line  battleships.  This  imitation  battleship  of  1893  is 
erected  on  piling  on  the  Lake  Front  in  the  northeast  portion  of  Jackson  Park.  It  is 
surrounded  by  water  and  has  the  appearance  of  being  moored  to  a  wharf.  The  struc- 
ture has  all  the  fittings  that  belong  to  the  actual  ship,  such  as  guns,  turrets,  torpedo 
tubes,  torpedo  nets  and  booms,  with  boats,  anchors,  chain  cables,  davits,  awnings, 

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deck  fittings,  etc.,  etc.,  together  with  all  appliances  for  working  the  same.  Officers, 
seamen,  mechanics  and  marines  are  detailed  by  the  Navy  Department  during  the  Ex- 
position, and  the  discipline  and  mode  of  life  on  our  naval  vessels  are  completely 
shown.  The  detail  of  men  is  not,  however,  as  great  as  the  complement  of  the  actual 
ship.  The  crew  gives  certain  drills,  especially  boat,  torpedo  and  gun  drills,  as  in  a 
vessel  of  war.  The  dimensions  of  the  structure  are  those  of  the  actual  battleship, 
to-wit:  length,  348  feet;  width  amidships,  69  feet  3  inches;  and  from  the  water  line  to 
the  top  of  the  main  deck,  12  feet.  Centrally  placed  on  this  deck  is  a  superstructure 
8  feet  high,  with  a  hammock  berthing  on  the  same  7  feet  high,  and  above  these  the 
bridge,  chart-house,  and  the  boats.  At  the  forward  end  of  the  superstructure  there  is 
a  cone-shaped  tower,  called  the  "military  mast,"  near  the  top  of  which  are  placed  two 
circular  "  tops  "  as  receptacles  for  sharpshooters.  Rapid-firing  guns  are  mounted  in 
each  of  these  tops.  The  height  from  the  water  line  to  the  summit  of  this  military 
mast  is  76  feet,  and  above  is  placed  a  flagstaff  for  signaling.  The  battery  mounted 
comprises  four  13-inch  breech-loading  rifle  cannon;  eight  8-inch  breech-loading  rifle 
cannon;  four  6-inch  breech-loading  rifle  cannon;  twenty  6-pound  rapid-firing  guns: 
six  1 -pound  rapid-firing  guns;  two  Catling  guns,  and  six  torpedo  tubes  or  torpedo 
guns.  All  of  these  are  placed  and  mounted  respectively  as  in  the  genuine  battleship. 
On  the  starboard  side  of  the  ship  is  shown  the  torpedo  protection  net,  stretching  the 
entire  length  of  the  vessel.  Steam  launches  and  cutters  ride  at  the  booms,  and  all  the 
outward  appearance  of  a  real  ship  of  war  is  imitated. 

FOR    THE    CHILDREN. 

To  women  one  of  the  most  interesting  buildings  in  the  grounds  is  the  Children's 
building,  which  has  been  constructed  out  of  the  proceeds  of  the  bazaar  given  at  Mrs. 
Potter  Palmer's  residence  under  the  auspices  of  the  Friday  Club.  Here  mothers  can 
leave  their  children  in  the  care  of  attendants  while  they  make  the  rounds  of  the  Expo- 
sition grounds.  The  building  is  architecturally  perfect,  the  design  being  at  once 
modest  and  beautiful.  It  is  covered  with  staff  and  ornamented  like  the  buildings 
which  surround  it.  Most  of  the  interior  decoration  is  the  work  of  women  and  has 
some  bearing  on  child  life.  The  cost  of  this  building  was  $22,218. 


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STf\TB    BUILDINGS. 


THE  northern  portion  of  Jackson  Park,  although  containing  the  great  Palace  of 
Fine  Arts  and  the  foreign  government  buildings,  is  mainly  devoted  to  the 
official  buildings  erected  by  the  several  States  and  Territories,  which  are  used 
as  a  sort  of  headquarters  for  the  different  peoples,  where  members  of  the  States  meet 
each  other  during  the  rush  days  of  the  Exposition.       Most  of   them  have  club-rooms, 
banquet  hall  and  reception  rooms,  where  their  own  people  can  feel  entirely  at  home. 
TERRITORIAL. — New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  Oklahoma  erected  a  handsome   struct- 
ure 120  feet  square.      The  grounds  are  profusely  decorated  with  plants  from  Arizona, 
and  on  the  roof-garden  are  specimens  of  the  flora  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

ARKANSAS. — The  design  of  the  Arkansas  building  at  the  World's  Fair  follows 
classic  models,  it  being  in  the  French  "Rococo"  style  of  architecture.  The  exterior 
is  in  plaster  and  ornamental  staff  work,  tinted  in  light  color.  The  interior  is  tinted 
and  the  ornamental  work  is  brought  out  in  gold.  The  building  has  a  ground  area  of 
66  by  92  feet.  From  a  large  circular  veranda,  which  runs  the  width  of  the  building, 
an  elliptical  entrance  opens  to  the  rotunda,  30  by  30  feet,  lighted  by  a  central  dome. 
In  the  center  of  the  rotunda  is  a  fountain  of  Hot  Springs  crystals  lighted  by  electricity. 
Flanking  the  rotunda  are  six  rooms,  15  feet  square.  Five  of  these  were  used  as 
exhibit  rooms.  Opening  from  the  rotunda,  by  triple  arches,  is  the  hallway,  11  by  55 
feet,  with  the  stairways  on  each  side  of  the  arched  entrance.  At  the  rear  of  the  build- 
ing is  the  assembly  hall,  25  by  65  feet.  Designer,  Mrs.  Jean  Douglas,  of  Little  Rock; 
architect,  E.  Kaufman,  of  Chicago;  contractors,  the  Heidenrich  Company,  of  Chi- 
cago; cost,  $15,000. 

CALIFORNIA. — Next  to  the  building  for  Illinois  that  of  California  is  the  largest  of 
the  State  buildings.  Its  dimensions  are  144  by  435  feet.  It  is  in  the  style  of  archi- 
tecture of  the  old  California  mission  building.  The  exterior  is  of  plain  plaster,  arti- 
ficially seamed  and  cracked,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  the  old  mission  buildings. 
The  south  front  is  a  reproduction  of  the  old  Mission  Church  at  San  Diego.  The  main 
tower  is  an  exact  reproduction  of  the  San  Diego  .  church  tower,  while  the  remaining 
towers  on  the  corners  and  center  of  the  building  are  all  studied  from  the  mission  archi- 
tecture. This  building  is  not  of  the  club-house  character  of  most  of  'the  other  State 
buildings.  The  entire  first  floor  was  open  and  devoted  to  the  California  State  display, 
principally  of  fruits  and  canned  goods.  There  are  three  fountains  on  the  ground  floor, 
one  in  the  center  and  one  at  either  end.  The  central  hall  is  surrounded  by  a  wide 
gallery,  and  on  the  gallery  floor  in  the  north  end  of  the  building  is  the  banquet  hall,  a 
kitchen  and  an  assembly  room.  On  either  side  of  the  main  entrances  are  elevators 
running  to  the  roof  garden.  These  elevators  are  a  Californian  product,  the  power 
being  a  combination  of  steam  and  water.  The  roof  is  of  California  red  tile.  Archi- 
tect, P.  Brown,  of  San  Francisco;  contractors,  the  Heidenrich  Company,  Chicago. 
Cost,  $75,000. 

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COLORADO. — The  Colorado  building  is  in  the  Spanish  renaissance.  The  whole 
exterior  of  the  building  is  in  staff  of  an  ivory  color,  and  in  the  salient  features  of  the 
design  profusely  ornamented.  The  striking  feature  of  the  design  is  two  slender 
Spanish  towers,  98  feet  high,  rising  from  either  side  of  the  main  entrance,  on  the  east. 
The  tower  roofs  and  the  broad  overhanging  roof  of  the  building  are  covered  with  red 
Spanish  tiles.  The  building  is  125  feet  long,  including  the  end  porticoes,  with  a  depth 
of  45  feet,  and  26  feet  to  the  cornice  line.  The  front  vestibule  opens  to  the  main  hall 
of  the  building.  On  the  second  floor  is  the  assembly  room,  extending  the  entire  length 
of  the  building  in  the  center.  On  the  ends  of  this  assembly  room  are  a  reading  and  a 
writing  room,  which  open  to  the  hanging  balconies  on  the  ends  of  the  building,  forming 
one  of  the  most  attractive  exterior  features.  Broad,  low  casement  windows  open  from 
the  assembly  rooms  to  the  front  and  rear  balconies,  the  front  one  extending  between 
the  towers,  24  feet,  and  over  the  main  entrance.  The  rear  balcony  extends  along  the 
entire  length  of  the  building.  Architect,  H.  T.  E.  Wendell,  of  Denver;  contractor. 
W.  J.  Hill,  of  Denver;  cost,  $35,000. 

CONNECTICUT. — The  Connecticut  building  is  a  type  of  the  Connecticut  residence. 
It  has  a  ground  area  of  72  by  73  feet,  including  the  piazza,  and  is  two  stories  high. 
The  exterior  is  weather-boarded  and  painted  white.  The  main  entrance  is  off  a  square 
porch,  covered  by  the  projecting  pediment,  which  is  supported  by  heavy  columns. 
The  interior  is  finished  in  colonial  style,  with  tiled  floors,  paneled  walls  and  Dutch 
mantels.  On  the  first  floor  is  a  reception  hall,  21  by  48  feet,  with  a  light-well  in  the 
center.  In  the  rear  of  the  hall  is  a  stairway  with  a  landing  half  way  up.  Flanking 
the  hall  are  parlors  for  men  and  women.  The  second  floor  is  divided  up  into  living 
rooms,  and  was  occupied  by  the  executive  World's  Fair  officer  of  Connecticut  and  his 
family  during  the  Fair.  Architect,  Warren  R.  Briggs,  oi  Bridgeport;  contractors, 
Tracy  Bros. ,  of  Waterbury;  cost,  $12,000. 

DELAWARE. — Delaware's  State  building  is  constructed  wholly  from  the  native 
woods  of  the  State.  It  is  extremely  picturesque  in  architectural  effect.  The  building 
is  60  by  58  feet  and  finished  with  great  care  in  all  its  details  at  a  cost  of  $7,500.  The 
interior  is  decorated  in  colonial  style  and  contains  models  of  many  interesting  edifices 
in  that  State,  some  of  which  were  erected  during  the  seventeenth  century. 

FLORIDA. — The  Florida  building  is  a  reproduction  in  miniature  of  old  Fort 
Marion,  in  St.  Augustine.  The  fort  covers  an  area  of  four  acres.  It  is  in  the  form  of 
a  four-bastioned  fortress.  Including  the  moat,  the  site  is  155  feet  square.  The 
building  proper  is  137  feet  square.  The  frame  is  of  pine,  covered  with  plaster  and 
coquina  shells,  in  imitation  of  the  original.  The  interior  is  divided  into  parlors  and  is 
furnished  in  Florida's  native  woods.  The  interior  court  is  planted  in  bamboo,  orange, 
lemon  and  other  tropical  trees.  The  ramparts  furnish  space  for  promenades  and  hang- 
ing gardens.  In  the  moat  is  a  sunken  garden,  where  were  produced  miniature  fields 
of  cotton,  sugar,  rise,  tobacco,  etc. ,  showing  the  natural  resources  of  the  State.  W. 
Mead  Nalter,  of  Chicago,  is  the  architect  of  the  building,  which  is  erected  under  the 
direction  of  the  Florida  Board  of  Commissioners.  It  cost  $20,000.  Fort  Marion 
is  the  oldest  structure  in  North  America,  the  most  interesting  specimen  of  Spanish 
supremacy  in  this  country,  and  the  only  example  of  medieval  fortification  on  the  con- 
tinent. Its  erection  was  begun  in  1620  and  continued  for  100  years.  To  equip  it  as 
a  garrison  required  1,000  men.  It  was  never  taken  by  a  besieging  force. 

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IDAHO. — The  handsome  building  of  Idaho  is  suggestive  of  the  Forestry  building 
in  miniature.  It  is  on  the  rustic  order  and  cost  $15,000.  The  matter  of  the  decora- 
tion was  in  the  hands  of  the  women  of  Idaho.  One  of  the  special  features  of  the 
exhibit  was  that  pertaining  to  mining.  On  the  whole  exhibit,  including  the  building, 
$120,000  was  expended. 

ILLINOIS. — Just  to  the  south  of  the  Art  Palace,  across  the  north  arm  of  the 
lagoon,  stands  the  Illinois  building.  This  building  is  by  far  the  most  pretentious  of 
the  State  buildings,  and  can  be  classed  as  one  of  the  great  Exposition  structures.  The 
plan  of  the  building  forms  a  Greek  cross,  whose  main  axis  is  450  feet  long  by  160  feet 
wide,  and  lies  east  and  west,  while  the  shorter  axis  is  285  feet  long,  with  an  average 
width  of  98  feet.  At  the  intersection  of  the  arms  of  the  cross  rises  the  dome,  with  a 
diameter  of  75  feet  at  the  base  and  a  height  of  152  feet  to  the  top  of  inner  dome. 
This  dome  has,  besides,  a  continuation  of  the  gallery,  15  feet  above  the  floor,  that 
runs  around  the  main  hall,  and  another,  96  feet  above  the  floor,  reached  by  two  cir- 
cular stairs  in  piers  of  dome.  At  the  east  and  west  are  two  large  public  entrances,  at 
either  side  of  which  are  rooms  extending  the  entire  width  of  the  building,  and  about 
29  feet  deep,  occupying  the  whole  height,  which  is  divided  into  three  stories.  The 
rooms  at  the  east  end  are  chiefly  used  for  school  exhibition  purposes,  a  large  one  on 
the  ground  floor  being  fitted  up  as  a  model  kindergarten.  Beyond  this  extends  the 
great  exhibition  hall,  381  feet  long;  the  central  portion,  75  feet  wide,  being  flanked  by 
aisles  40  feet  wide.  The  central  division  is  lighted  by  windows  in  the  clearstory,  and 
by  roof  lights,  it  being  67  feet  from  the  floor  to  the  roof.  The  hall  has  a  continuous 
gallery  16  feet  wide  and  15  feet  above  the  floor.  The  aisles  are  lighted  by  large  semi- 
circular windows  on  the  side  walls.  The  southern  part  of  the  short  arm  of  the  cross 
is  121  feet  wide  and  extends  75  feet  beyond  the  walls  of  the  main  building.  The 
lines  of  its  cornice,  being  extended  back  across  the  main  building,  form  the  external 
base  from  which  the  dome  springs.  Its  three  stories  are  subdivided  into  rooms,  halls, 
corridors,  etc.  The  base  of  the  dome  rises  from  a  series  of  steps  upon  which  is  a 
double  support  to  the  drum,  the  outer  one  being  an  order  of  Corinthian  columns,  the 
inner  being  a  wall  pierced  by  windows.  Above  the  entablature  rises  the  dome,  which 
is  covered  with  galvanized  iron;  the  trusses  are  accented  on  the  outside  by  prominent 
ribs,  and  the  intermediate  spaces  are  paneled.  A  round  lantern  on  top,  12  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  35  feet  high,  is  the  crowning  feature.  Architects,  Boyington  &  Co.,  of 
Chicago;  contractors,  Harlev  &  Sons,  of  Chicago.  Material — 3,000,000  feet  of  lum- 
ber, 1,300,000  pounds  of  iron. 

INDIANA. — The  Indiana  building  is  in  the  French  Gothic  style  of  architecture.  It 
has  two  imposing  towers,  120  feet  high,  and  many  Gothic  gables.  The  building  has 
three  stories,  built  of  pine  and  Bedford  stone,  and  is  covered  with  ornamental  staff. 
The  floors  are  of  tile.  The  main  assembly  hall  on  the  first  floor  is  elaborately  finished 
in  the  baronial  style.  All  of  the  material  used  in  the  building  comes  from  Indiana, 
much  of  the  hard  woods  for  interior  decorations,  tile  floors,  the  roofing  material,  and 
the  mantels  being  donated  by-Indiana  manufacturers.  The  ground  area  is  100  by  150 
feet.  The  main  entrance  opens  into  a  wide  hall  extending  across  the  building.  To 
the  right  of  the  hall  is  a  large  assembly-room,  occupying  the  entire  south  end  of  the 
building.  The  north  end  of  the  building  is  devoted  to  parlors  and  reception  rooms. 
The  second  floor  has  reading  and  writing  rooms,  and  rooms  for  the  men  and  women 
boards  of  State  commissioners.  The  third  floor  is  devoted  to  bed-rooms  and  a  hall  for 

09 


dining  and  lunching.  There  are  immense  fire-places  in  the  entrance  hall  and  assembly- 
room.  Architect,  Henry  Ives  Cobb,  of  Chicago ;  contractors,  Collins  &  Ohm,  of  Chi- 
cago; cost,  $60,000. 

IOWA. — A  large  part  of  the  Iowa  building  is  constituted  in  what  is  known  as  the 
Jackson  Park  "  Shelter."  The  building  belongs  to  the  Park  Commissioners.  It  is  a 
granite  structure  with  a  slate  roof,  with  conical  towers  of  pavilions  at  the  corners.  It 
is  77  by  123  feet  in  size.  The  new  structure  is  on  the  west  of  the  "  Shelter."  It  is  60 
by  100  feet  in  size,  and  two  stories  high.  It  is  in  wood  and  staff,  with  tower  and  roof 
corresponding  to  the  "Shelter,"  so  that  the  two  structures  combine  harmoniously  after 
the  style  of  a  French  chateau.  The  "Shelter"  was  used  for  a  State  exhibit,  corre- 
sponding in  character  to  the  Sioux  City  corn  palace  exhibition.  In  the  new  part,  on  the 
first  floor,  are  reception  rooms  for  men  and  women,  commissioners'  offices,  committee 
rooms,  postoffice,  writing  and  baggage  rooms.  On  the  second  floor  are  the  assembly 
hall,  photographic  exhibit,  reading  and  reporters'  room.  Architects,  the  Josselyn  & 
Taylor  Co. ,  Cedar  Kapids ;  contractor  John  Gr.  Coder,  of  Harrisburg,  Pa. ;  cost, 
$35,000. 

KANSAS. — The  ground  plan  of  the  Kansas  building  is  irregular.  It  approaches  a 
square,  one  side  being  straight  and  the  other  three  forming  irregular  angles.  It  has 
a  ground  area  of  135  by  138  feet.  It  is  two  stories  high,  built  of  frame  and  staff,  and 
is  surmounted  by  an  elliptical  glass  dome.  The  main  exhibition  hall  occupies  nearly 
all  of  the  first  floor,  and  extends  through  to  the  glass  dome.  The  north  end  of  the 
main  floor  was  occupied  by  a  natural  history  collection.  Architect,  Seymour  Davis, 
of  Topeka;  contractors,  Fellows  &  Vansant,  of  Topeka;  cost,  $25,000. 

KENTUCKY. — Kentucky  has  a  handsome  building  in  Colonial  styls  of  architecture, 
in  which  was  an  adequate  exhibit  of  the  State's  industries.  The  Legislature  appropri- 
ated $50,000,  which  was  added  to  by  private  subscriptions. 

LOUISIANA. — Louisiana  erected  a  Creole  kitchen  finished  in  the  hardwoods  indig- 
enous to  that  State.  In  the  building  were  served  famous  Creole  dishes  prepared  and 
served  by  the  people  made  famous  by  Gr.  W.  Cable,  the  author. 

MAINE. — The  Maine  building  is  octagonal  in  form,  with  a  ground  area  of  65  feet 
square.  It  is  two  stories  in  height,  the  roof  surmounted  by  a  lantern  in  the  center, 
and  four  corner  towers.  The  first  story  is  of  granite.  The  exterior  finish  of  the  rest 
of  the  building  is  in  wood  and  staff.  The  central  tower,  or  lantern,  is  86  feet  to  its 
highest  point.  On  the  first  floor  are  parlors  and  reception  rooms  for  men  and  women, 
toilet-rooms  and  two  commissioners'  rooms.  A  railed  gallery  extends  around  the 
rotunda.  The  interior  finishing  is  in  hard  wood.  The  granite  and  roof  slate  used  in 
construction,  the  skylight  in  the  rotunda  and  the  mantels  over  the  fireplaces  are  from 
Maine,  donated  by  manufacturers.  Architect,  Charles  S.  Frost,  of  Chicago;  contrac- 
tors, Grace  &  Hyde,  of  Chicago;  cost,  $20,000. 

MARYLAND. — Maryland's  building  was  intended  at  first  to  be  a  reproduction  of 
the  State  House  at  Annapolis,  but  the  plans  were  changed.  The  building  is  a  hand- 
some structure  of  a  composite  colonial  type,  resembling  the  old  manor  houses  of  the 
Chesapeake  Bay  regions. 

MASSACHUSETTS. — The  Massachusetts  building  is  in  the  Colonial  style,  and  is 
largely  a  reproduction  of  the  historic  John  Hancock  residence,  which,  until  the  year 
1867,  stood  on  Beacon  Hill,  Boston,  near  the  State  capitol.  The  building  is  three 

100 


stories  high,  surmounted  in  the  center  by  a  cupola.  The  exterior  is  of  staff,  in  imita- 
tion of  cut  granite.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  terrace,  raised  above  the  street,  and  has  in 
front  and  on  one  side  a  forecourt,  filled  with  old-fashioned  flowers  and  foliage.  The 
main  entrance  opens  to  a  spacious,  well-studded  hallway,  with  *a;  tiled  .floor,  facing 
the  entrance  is  a  broad,  colonial  staircase,  leading  to  the  second-  flobri  '  On  the  tigbitfof 
the  hall  is  a  large  room,  constituting  a  registration  room,  postoffic^  aijc]  geajeraj  .recep- 
tion room.  Architects,  Peabody  &  Stearns,  of  Boston;  con traetdiyC.  'Eve ret it  ^Cla^k,^ 
of  Chicago;  cost,  $50,000. 

MICHIGAN. — The  Michigan  building  is  located  at  the  intersection  of  two  of  the 
finest  avenues  in  Jackson  Park.  It  has  a  ground  area  of  100  by  140  feet,  is  three 
stories  in  height,  and  was  intended  mainly  as  a  comfortable  and  convenient  home  for 
Michigan  visitors.  The  first  floor  is  devoted  to  the  use  of  visitors,  the  second  contains 
three  large  exhibit  rooms,  one  arranged  for  meetings,  lectures,  concerts  or  social  enter- 
tainments, and  a  smaller  room  for  board  and  committee  meetings.  The  ladies'  parlor, 
size  32  by  42  feet,  also  on  the  principal  floor,  was  finished  and  furnished  by  the  city  of 
Grand  Rapids  at  an  approximate  outlay  of  not  less  than  $10,000.  The  room  is  finished 
in  stucco  of  ornate  design  and  hung  with  beautiful  tapestries.  In  one  of  the  exhibition 
rooms  on  the  second  floor  the  State  University  of  Michigan  showed  a  very  complete 
collection  of  native  birds,  animals  and  reptiles,  and  in  another  room  were  shown  all  the 
crude  resources  of  the  State,  consisting  of  metals,  woods,  cereals,  etc.  Its  total  cost 
to  the  State  was  $36,000,  in  addition  to  the  amounts  contributed  by  other  parties, 
amounting  to  $20,000  more.  Architects,  M.  S.  Smith  &  Co.,  Detroit;  contractor,  C. 
H.  Pelton,  Grand  Rapids;  superintendent  of  construction,  E.  A.  Russell,  Muskegon. 

MINNESOTA. — The  Minnesota  building  is  designed  in  the  Italian  renaissance  style, 
two  stories  high,  with  a  Mezzanine  story  in  the  rear.  The  frame  is  of  wood,  covered 
with  staff.  The  ground  dimensions  are  78  by.  91  feet.  In  the  recess  within  the 
entrance  is  a  sculptural  group,  symbolizing  the  legend  of  Minnehaha  and  Hiawatha. 
On  the  first  floor  is  the  exhibition  hall,  52  by  78  feet.  On  the  second  floor  is  a  recep- 
tion hall,  30  by  33  feet,  parlors  and  a  committee  room.  The  interior  walls  are  plas- 
tered, decorated  in  fresco,  in  plain  tints,  and  finished  in  pine.  The  women's  rooms 
have  color  decorations,  done  by  women  of  the  State.  Architect,  William  Channing 
Whitney,  of  Minneapolis;  contractors,  Libbey  &  Libby,  of  Minneapolis;  cost,  $30,000. 

MISSOURI. — The  ground  plan  of  the  Missouri  building  is  square,  with  a  quarter 
circle  taken  out  of  the  southeast  corner,  to  correspond  with  the  form  of  the  juncture  of 
the  two  avenues  on  which  it  faces.  The  building  is  86  by  86  feet,  two  stories  high. 
In  the  front,  and  over  the  main  entrance,  is  an  elliptical  dome,  70  feet  high,  flanked  by 
smaller  octagonal  domes,  48  feet  high.  The  main  entrance,  which  is  in  the  southeast  cor- 
ner of  the  building,  is  of  cut  brown  stone.  The  balance  of  the  structure  is  frame, 
covered  with  staff,  and  the  columns  and  pilasters  are  of  the  same  material.  The  build- 
ing contains  thirty-two  rooms.  It  is  very  handsome,  and  richly  ornamented.  The 
glass  is  all  plate.  This  plate-glass,  as  well  as  the  tile  for  the  roof  and  flooring,  the 
plumbing,  and  the  cut  stone,  is  donated  by  Missouri  manufacturers.  Gunn  &  Curtis, 
of  Kansas  City,  are  the  architects,  and  the  Missouri  State  Commission  erected  the 
building.  Cost,  $45,000. 

MONTANA.  — The  Montana  building  is  in  the  Romanesque  style  of  architecture, 
one  story  in  height.  It  has  a  ground  area  of  62  feet  front  by  113  feet  deep.  The 
structure  is  frame,  covered  with  staff,  the  interior  being  ornamented  with  heavy,  pro- 

101 


jecting  pilasters,  with  Roman  caps  and  bases,  and  Roman  arches.  The  building  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  glass  dome  22  feet  in  diameter  and  38  feet  high.  The  entrance  arch  is 
12x12  feet,  supported  by  heavy  columns.  Within  is  the  vestibule,  with  marble  floor 
and  ceil  ing,  >panele.d;in  staff.  On  either  side  of  the  entrance  arch  are  balustrades 
incJosmg  tke"-Vest>fburer'  ^ Flanking  the  arch  are  two  panels  4x5  feet  in  size,  one  bear- 
ing •  the.^tate; imotto/.  "' OVo  y  Plata" — gold  and  silver — and  the  other  "1893,"  in 
'''Roniair' figures:  '  "These 'panels  were  in  staff,  but  at  the  opening  of  the  Exposition 
were  replaced  in  pure  sheet  gold.  Architects,  Galbraith  &  Fuller,  of  Livingstone, 
Mont.;  contractors,  Harley  &  Sons,  Chicago.  Cost,  $16,000. 

NEBRASKA. — The  building  erected  by  the  State  of  Nebraska  is  in  a  fine  position, 
just  within  the  Fifty-seventh  street  entrance  to  the  park,  on  the  north  side  of  the 
boulevard.  The  style  of  architecture  is  classical,  and  of  the  Corinthian  order.  The 
building  has  a  ground  area  of  60  by  100  feet,  and  is  two  stories  high.  The  exterior  is 
of  staff.  On  the  east  and  west  fronts  are  wide  porticoes,  approached  by  flights  of 
steps.  From  each  portico  three  large  double  doors;  of  oak  give  entrance  to  the  exhibit 
hall.  This  room  is  60  by  70  feet,  and  in  it  an  agricultural  display  is  made.  On  the 
first  floor,  also,  are  a  reception  room,  commissioners'  office,  baggage  room,  postofHce 
and  an  exhibit  room  60  by  70  feet,  used  for  an  art  exhibit.  Architect,  Henry  Voss, 
of  Omaha;  contractors,  F.  A.  Schelius,  of  South  Chicago;  cost,  $20,000. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. — The  building  is  comparatively  small — 53  by  84  feet.  The 
pitched,  shingled  roof  is  broken  by  five  gables.  The  exterior  is  weather-boarded  in 
stained  Georgia  pine  above  a  line  seven  feet  from  the  ground.  This  first  seven-foot 
course  is  in  New  Hampshire  granite.  Each  of  the  two  stories  is  surrounded  on  all 
sides  by  a  wide  piazza.  The  rooms  on  the  second  floor  open  to  the  piazza  through 
hinged  windows  opening  to  the  floor.  The  entrance  is  on  the  east,  facing  the  drive  on 
Lake  Michigan.  Architect,  George  B.  Howe,  of  Boston;  contractor,  H.  Bernritter,of 
Chicago;  cost,  $8,000. 

NEW  YORK.— The  New  York  State  building  was  designed  by  Messrs.  McKim, 
Mead  and  White,  of  New  York  City,  architects  of  the  Agricultural  building.  The 
building  is  in  the  style  of  the  Italian  renaissance,  a  villa  in  character,  rectangular  in 
form,  approached  on  the  south  by  a  flight  of  fourteen  steps,  46  feet  wide,  giving  access 
to  a  grand  terrace,  15  by  80  feet,  from  which  the  loggia,  or  open  vestibule,  46  feet  by 
17  feet  6  inches,  is  reached.  The  main  floor  of  the  building  consists  of  the  vestibule, 
a  grand  staircase  hall,  with  a  dome  ceiling  forty-six  feet  from  the  floor,  a  small 
reception-room,  a  suite  of  three  drawing-rooms,  smoking,  writing,  and  reading-rooms, 
lavatory  and  coat-room,  postofHce  and  telegraph  and  telephone  service,  and  bureau  of 
information.  In  the  main  hall  on  the  first  floor,  besides  the  beautiful  fountains,  is  a 
relief  map  nearly  twenty  feet  in  diameter,  of  the  State  of  New  York,  which  cost 
$30,000.  This  main  hall  has  a  mosiac  floor.  The  grand  stairway  is  of  marble,  and 
leads  to  the  banquet  hall.  The  beautiful  arched  ceiling,  three  stories  high,  is  richly 
ornamented  with  designs  of  fruits  done  in  stucco.  On  the  third  floor,  in  addition  to 
twelve  rooms  for  general  purposes,  there  is  a  gallery  for  a  band  of  music.  Architects, 
McKim,  Mead  &  White,  of  New  York;  contractors,  The  George  A.  Fuller  ComDany,of 
Chicago;  total  cost,  $150,000. 

NEW  JERSEY. — New  Jersey  has  a  reproduction  of  a  dwelling  house.  Verandas  in 
front  and  rear,  and  a  gallery  above  near  a  handsome  ceiling,  and  club-rooms  and  par- 
lors are  the  principal  features. 

102 


VERMONT. — The  Vermont  building  is  one  of  the  most  original  on  the  grounds. 
On  the  right  and  left  of  the  steps  on  the  facade  rise  two  shafts,  on  which  are  allegorical 
figures,  representing  agriculture  and  quarrying — the  two  principal  industrial  activities 
of  the  State. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. — The  dimensions  of  this  building  are  50  by  75  feet,  and  it  con- 
tains a  commodious  assembty-hall,  well  lighted,  and  with  a  wide  fireplace  in  either  end. 
It  also  has  the  necessary  committee-rooms,  reading  and  toilet-rooms.  The  ends  of  the 
structure  are  of  brick,  but  the  side  walls  are  frame,  with  plaster  panels.  At  the 
entrance  to  the  assembly  hall  a  large  panel  will  bear  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  State. 
The  architect  is  Mr.  J.  L.  Lilsbee,  of  Chicago. 

OHIO. — The  Ohio  building  is  colonial  in  style,  two  stories  high,  of  wood  and  staff, 
with  tile  roof.  The  ground  area  is  100  feet  front  by  80  feet  deep.  The  main  entrance 
on  the  east  is  within  a  semi-circular  colonial  portico,  33  feet  high,  the  roof  supported 
by  eight  great  columns.  The  tile  roof,  mantels,  finishing  woods  and  much  of  the 
visible  material  are  the  gift  of  Ohio  producers.  The  main  entrance  opens  on  a  lobby, 
on  the  left  of  which  is  the  women's  parlor,  and  on  the  right  a  committee-room.  Occu- 
pying the  central  portion  of  the  building  is  the  reception  hall,  23  by  36  feet,  and  28 
feet  high,  extending  through  to  the  roof.  The  covered  ceiling  of  the  hall  is  ornamented. 
Back  of  the  reception  hall  is  an  open  court,  36  feet  square,  enclosed  on  three  sides, 
the  north  and  south  sides  being  formed  by  the  wings  of  the  building.  Architect, 
James  McLaughlin,  cf  Cincinnati;  contractors,  Harley  &  Sons,  of  Chicago;  cost, 
$30,000. 

PENNSYLVANIA. — The  Pennsylvania  structure  is  in  the  Colonial  style  of  architec- 
ture, while  the  front  is  an  exact  reproduction  of  old  Independence  Hall.  Independ- 
ence bell  hangs  in  the  tower.  The  rotunda  within  the  entrance  is  finished  in  tile  and 
slate.  The  building  is  rectangular  in  form,  two  stories  high,  with  a  ground  area  of 
110  x  166  feet.  The  corners  of  the  front  are  quarter-circled  in.  Piazzas  twenty  feet 
wide  surround  the  building  and  over  them  are  verandas  with  protecting  balustrade. 
Outside  staircases,  right  and  left  to  the  rear,  lead  to  the  garden  on  the  roof.  The 
front  entrance  opens  into  a  central  rotunda,  to  the  right  and  left  of  which  are  room 
accessories.  In  the  rear  an  exhibition-room  extends  the  entire  width  of  the  building. 
The  walls  of  this  apartment  are  ornamented  with  the  portraits  of  distinguished  Penn- 
sylvanians,  and  many  rare  documents  of  historical  interest  displayed.  The  architect 
is  R.  Lonsdale,  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  contractor  John  G.  Coder,  of  Harrisburg. 
Estimated  total  cost,  about  $95,000. 

RHODE  ISLAND. — The  Rhode  Island  building  is  after  the  Greek  manner,  with 
columnar  porticoes  on  four  sides  of  the  building — that  on  the  west  or  front  side  semi- 
circular in  plan,  with  arched  openings  between  the  Ionic  pilasters.  The  building  is 
amphiprostyle  in  that  the  north  and  south  porches — each  of  the  full  width  of  the  build- 
ing— consists  of  four  fluted  Ionic  columns,  each  24  inches  in  diameter  and  21  feet  high, 
while  the  rear  entrance  is  between  Ionic  fluted  pilasters,  the  same  as  in  front. 

The  building  has  a  ground  area  of  32x59  feet,  two  stories  high,  in  wood  and  staff 
in  Imitation  of  granite.  On  the  second  floor  are  two  committee  rooms  and  a  gallery 
around  the  main  hall.  The  governor's  room  occupies  what  may  be  called  the  second 
story  of  the  porch  on  the  west  front.  Architects,  Stone,  Carpenter  &  Wilson,  of 
Providence;  contractors,  Grace  &  Hyde,  Chicago;  cost,  $7,000. 

103 


SOUTH  DAKOTA. — The  South  Dakota  building  has  a  ground  area  of  70  by  126 
feet,  and  is  two  stories  high.  The  structure  is  frame,  the  exterior  being  covered  with 
Yankton  cement.  The  mam  entrance  is  on  the  east,  along  which  front  extends  a  wide 
porch  with  heavy  columns,  supporting  a  balcony  from  the  second  story.  In  the  main 
body  of  the  building  is  the  exhibition  hall,  44  by  58  feet.  Six  feet  above  the  main 
floor  is  an  entresol,  having  committee  rooms  for  the  two  boards  of  commissioners.  The 
rotunda  in  the  center  of  the  building  extends  through  to  the  roof  and  is  covered  with 
a  skylight.  The  second  floor  is  devoted  to  rooms  for  the  woman's  exhibit  and  for  special 
State  Exhibits.  Architect,  W.  L.  Dow,  of  Sioux  Falls;  contractor,  R.  H.  Booth  & 
Son,  of  Sioux  Falls;  cost,  $15,000. 

TEXAS. — The  Lone  Star  State  has  a  handsome  building  on  a  large  lot  at  the  north 
end  of  the  grounds,  with  Kansas  and  Utah  for  near  neighbors.  It  is  85  by  250  feet, 
and  70  feet  high.  It  is  a  good  example  of  the  Spanish  renaissance,  being  modeled 
after  the  old  missions,  but  of  a  different  type  from  that  followed  in  the  California 
building.  The  building  is  nearly  square,  with  a  square  tower  on  each  corner,  con- 
nected by  two-story  loggias. 

WASHINGTON. — The  Washington  structure  was  built  entirely  of  material  brought 
from  the  State.  The  first  floor  is  of  logs  from  Puget  Sound,  while  the  main  entrance, 
an  important  decorative  feature,  is  of  granite,  marble  and  ore  from  the  State  quarries. 
A  $100,000  exhibit  will  be  seen  inside.  With  its  quaint  towers  it  resembles  a  Holland 
residence  and  windmill.  It  is  different  from  any  other  building  there.  On  the  walls 
hung  a  magnificent  painting  of  "Mount  Rainier,"  presented  by  Mr.  Wm.  H.  Llewel- 
lyn, formerly  of  Eshelman,  Llewellyn  &  Co. ,  of  Seattle. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. — West  Virginia  is  represented  by  a  hospitable  mansion  costing 
$20,000.  The  wide  entrance  and  broad  verandas  extend  around  both  wings  and  prove 
a  pleasant  resting-place  for  State  guests. 

WISCONSIN. — The  Wisconsin  building  has  a  front  facade  of  90  feet,  and  a  depth 
of  50  feet,  exclusive  of  wide  verandas  running  the  entire  length  of  the  east  and  west 
fronts,  and  two  circular  porches  in  the  center  of  the  north  and  south  elevations.  For 
three  feet  above  grade  the  walls  are  of  superior  brown  stone.  Above  this  the  walls  of 
the  first  story  are  of  pressed  brick  and  the  upper  story  is  finished  with  shingles. 

VIRGINIA. — Virginia's  building  is  one  of  historical  interest.  It  is  an  exact  repre- 
sentation of  the  Mount  Vernon  mansion  in  Fairfax  county,  Va. ,  where  Washington 
lived  for  many  years  and  where  he  died.  There  were  twenty-five  rooms  in  the  struc- 
ture, which  was  94  by  32  feet,  with  two  colonnades  extending  back  from  the  wings. 
The  largest  rooms  were  the  banquet  hall,  31  by  23  feet;  the  library,  16  by  19  feet;  the 
main  entrance  hall,  Washington's  chamber,  and  Mrs.  Washington's  chamber.  Along 
the  stairway  was  an  old  Washington  family  clock.  The  hall  was  furnished  with  antique 
sofas  and  pictures  of  the  last  century.  The  furnishing  was  with  articles  collected  from 
all  parts  of  the  State — heirlooms  in  old  Virginia  families.  Old  Virginia  negroes  were 
the  servants  in  attendance.  There  is  a  rare  collection  of  relics  of  Colonial  times  and 
the  Revolutionary  War  in  this  building. 


104 


FOREIGN    BUILDINGS. 


THE  Exposition  was  participated  in  by  fifty  foreign  nations  and  thirty-seven  of 
the  colonies.     All  but  seventeen  of  these  eventually  declined  to  build.     The 
foreign    buildings    erected,   with  the    exception    of    the  Japanese  building, 
which  located  on  the   Wooded  Island,  are   bunched   together  in  a  small    triangular 
space  bounded   roughly  by  the  north  inlet  of  the  Lagoon,   the  lake  shore  and  the 
North    Pond.        This  triangle  lies  directly  across  the  park  from  the  Woman's  build- 
ing and  the  Midway  Plaisance.      The  location  is  the  most  retired  and  beautiful  in  the 
grounds,  as  all  of  the  buildings  are  close  to  the  lake,  and  many  of  them  look  out 
upon  its  waters. 

A  description  of  these  buildings  naturally  begins  with  that  of  Great  Britain,  which 
is  located  on  a  little  peninsula  just  north  of  the  north  inlet.  Just  across  the  inlet  from 
it,  to  the  south,  is  the  coast-line  battle-ship,  with  its  big  guns  pointed  menacingly  at  the 
British  headquarters.  This  building  is  called  Victoria  House ;  it  is  quite  English  in 
its  quiet  but  splendid  elegance  and  comfort.  For  this  house  the  English  Government 
appropriated  $75,000  and  private  parties  increased  the  amount  to  $125,000.  Victoria 
House  is  a  good  sample  of  an  ordinary  half-timber  country  house  in  England  of  the 
Elizabethan  period.  The  entire  interior,  including  woodwork,  ceilings,  wall-paper,  and 
carpets,  was  brought  from  England,  and  its  different  parts  copied  after  a  number  of 
famous  English  country  seats:  The  hall  and  staircase  from  Hadden  Hall,  the  residence 
of  Lord  Hardwicke,  in  Cheshire;  the  ceilings  from  Queen  Elizabeth's  palace  at  Plas 
Mawe,  in  Wales ;  the  reception-room  from  Crewe  Hall  in  Staffordshire ;  the  library  from 
Eton  Hall,  near  Chester;  and  the  dining-room  from  Campden  House,  Kensington,  the 
residence  of  the  Duke  of  Argyll. 

Near  the  Victoria  House  is  the  handsome  but  unostentatious  Canadian  building. 
It  was  a  two-storied  frame  structure  almost  square  in  shape,  with  a  veranda  on  all  four 
sides,  and  is  painted  a  light  tint.  In  this  were  found  during  the  Exposition  Mr.  Wie- 
bert  David  Dimock,  Secretary  of  the  Canadian  Commission,  and  Charles  F.  Law, 
Commissioner  of  the  Province  of  British  Columbia. 

Next  to  the  Canadian  building  stands  the  small  but  tasteful  building  of  New 
South  Wales,  where  the  Australian  visitors  exchanged  greetings ;  and  next  to  this  the 
more  ample  structure  which  Hayti  has  erected.  This  building  is  entirely  of  wood  and 
only  a  story  and  a  half  high,  with  a  central  dome  rising  several  feet  above  the  roof. 
A  broad  veranda  encircles  it,  the  central  portion  overlapping  the  end  wings.  The 
interior  is  handsomely  finished  in  hardwood  and  conveniently  arranged  for  office  and 
social  purposes.  It  will  contain  the  entire  Haytian  exhibit. 

Immediately  west  of  the  Haytian  building,  but  separated  from  it  by  a  gravel 
walk  which  turns  off  to  the  north,  is  the  East  Indian  building,  though  it  is  really 
erected  through  the  public  spirit  of  a  few  wealthy  tea  merchants  of  Calcutta,  who 
were  unwilling  to  see  Hindoostan  unrepresented  this  way.  It  is  a  one-story  pavilion 

105 


of  staff,  of  generous  dimensions,  and  in  the  characteristic  East  Indian  style  of  archi- 
tecture. It  was  not  used  as  the  headquarters  of  government  officials,  but  was  rather 
an  exhibit  of  teas  and  a  sort  of  tea  exchange. 

A  short  distance  west  of  the  East  Indian  building  is  the  Swedish  building.  The 
design  is  mainly  the  product  of  the  architect's  fancy,  but  in  working  it  out  he  was 
inspired  in  a  general  way  by  the  Swedish  churches  and  houses  of  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries.  As  far  as  possible,  the  characteristics  of  the  old  Swedish  archi- 
tecture have  been  illustrated.  The  leading  feature  is  a  central  dome,  70  feet  high,  and 
an  ornamental  spire  over  it.  In  the  interior  there  is  a  texagonal  hall  in  the  center, 
surrounded  by  three  large  rooms.  The  inside  is  richly  decorated  with  bunting,  coats- 
of-arnis  and  crests.  Opposite  the  main  entrance  is  a  large  picture  of  the  capital  of 
Sweden,  with  its  famous  royal  castle.  Wax  figures  stand  in  front  of  this  painting  in 
the  picturesque  garb  of  the  Swedes. 

Next  door  west  from  the  Swedish  building,  with  a  gravel  walk  between,  is  the 
Venezuelan  building.  It  is  much  smaller  than  the  Swedish  building.  The  Venezuelan 
building  also  contained  the  Venezuelan  exhibit,  with  the  exception  of  mines  and  leather. 

The  Turkish  building,  which  comes  next,  is  smaller  still.  It  is  of  dark-colored 
Turkish  woods,  of  pronounced  Ottoman  architecture,  and  not  a  little  suggestive  of 
Oriental  luxury. 

The  remaining  space  between  the  Turkish  building  and  the  lagoon  is  filled  with 
the  magnificent  Brazilian  building.  This  is  of  staff,  generous  in  its  proportions,  and 
not  far  from  magnificent  in  its  design.  It  looks  as  if  it  might  be  the  country  seat  of  a 
Brazilian  grandee.  It  was  presided  over  by  his  Excellency,  Marshal  Jose  Simeao  de 
Oliveira,  President  of  the  Brazilian  National  Commission ;  Dr.  Adolpho  Aschoff,  secre- 
tary of  the  Commission;  Lieut.  Alexander  Leal,  military  attache;  and  Commissioners 
Lieut.  -Col.  F.  M.  Sonza  Aguiar,  Dr.  Zozime  Barrozo,  M.  Aguiar  Moreira  and  Antonio 
Guimaraes. 

On  the  north  end  of  the  Wooded  Island  is  the  Hooden  Palace  of  the  Japanese  Gov- 
ernment. It  was  finished  and  dedicated  with  elaborate  ceremonies  March  31st.  It  con- 
sists of  three  low  pitched  buildings  connected  by  corridors  and  representing  three  diff- 
erent epochs  of  architecture.  It  was  designed  by  a  native  architect  and  erected  entirely 
by  native  workmen.  The  work  of  the  interior  decoration  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the 
Tokyo  Art  Academy,  and  corresponds  both  in  ornamentation  and  furniture  with  the 
three  periods  represented  in  the  architecture.  The  material  used  is  unpainted  wood, 
which  is  worked  up  in  an  ingenious  and  effective  way  to  display  its  colors,  and  on  which 
was  put  an  exquisite  polish. 

Side  by  side  and  in  the  rear  of  the  Swedish  building  are  the  Columbian  and  Guate- 
malan building.  The  Columbian  building  was  intended  to  accommodate  the  entire 
Columbian  exhibit,  as  well  as  the  Commissioner  and  his  suite.  The  Guatemalan  build- 
ing is  of  ample  size  and  attractive  appearance.  It  is  of  staff  and  like  the  Columbian 
Building  received  the  entire  Guatemalan  exhibit.  In  the  rear  of  both  of  these  build- 
ings is  the  small  but  attractive  building  of  Costa  Rica,  where  Senor  Don  Joaquin 
Barnardo  Calvo,  Charge  d'  Affaires,  transacted  the  business  of  his  office. 

The  first  after  leaving  the  Canadian  building  is  the  Spanish  building,  which  is 
large  and  stately,  with  not  so  much  regard  for  beauty  as  its  neighbors.  It  was  the 
headquarters  of  his  Excellency  Senor  Don  Enrique  Dupuy  de  Lome,  Minister  Pleni- 
potentiary, and  royal  Spanish  Commissioner  General. 

106 


The  next  building  north  of  the  Spanish  building  is  the  great  German  building,  the 
costliest  and  generally  conceded  the  finest  foreign  building  on  the  grounds.  The  amount 
expended  on  it  was  $150,000.  The  name  given  it  was  simply  Das  Deutsche  Haus, 
and  everything  about  it  is  obviously  and  intensely  German.  Its  architecture  is  a  com- 
bination of  the  usual  features  of  the  public  buildings  of  Germany.  Its  main  front 
shows  a  wedge-like  projection,  the  roof  of  which  ascends  to  a  quadrangular  turret; 
and  this,  about  the  middle,  becomes  narrower  and  eight-sided,  and  terminates  in  a 
sort  of  Byzantine  minaret,  with  pillars  and  a  dome. 

Last  but  not  least  comes  the  magnificent  French  building.  It  is  built  in  the  angle 
of  the  lake  shore  walk  and  another  walk  leading  to  the  Swedish  building,  and  in  an 
admirable  position  for  convenience,  comfort  and  display.  It  is  built  of  staff,  and  its 
architecture  is  classical  and  in  faultless  taste.  It  consists  of  two  structures,  the  north- 
west one  being  the  building  proper,  connecting  with  the  smaller  by  a  colonnade  in  line 
with  the  rear  of  both  of  them.  Everything  about  the  building  is  chaste,  elegant,  dig- 
nified and  beautiful. 


COPYRIGHT,    1893,    BY  STONE,    KASTLER  &  PAINTER. 

SECTION     OF     FRENCH      BUILDING, 

:or 


COPYRIGHT,    1893,    BY  STONE,    KASTLER  &  PAINTER. 


NEW     YORK     STATE     BUILDING. 


COPYRIGHT     1893     BY  STONE,    KASTLER  4  PAINTER. 

PENNSYLVANIA     STATE     BUILDING. 
108 


109 


Ill 


113 


115 


JJU* 


*..?-  »*<- 


117 


119 


o:     u 

O       LJ 


121 


THE     PENNSYLVANIA     RAILROAD     BUILDING. 


Theo.  N.  Ely. 


The  very  handsome  building  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  Company,  140  feet  long  by  40  feet  wide,  of 
Greek  architectural  design,  contained  an  interest- 
ing exhibit  of  an  historical,  technical  and  statistical 
character,  relating  to  this  system  of  railroads. 

One  of  the  historical  and  attractive  features  was 
thelamous  "John  Bull,"  which  is  the  oldest  locomo- 
tive in  America,  and  is  the  original  engine.  Was  in 
regular  service  1831  to  1870,  and  was  exhibited  at  the 
Centennial  Exposition  of  1876,  and  again  at  the 
Chicago  Exposition  of  Railway  Appliances.  1883. 
Since  that  time  it  has  been  on  exhibition  in  the 
United  States  National  Museum,  Smithsonian 
Institution,  Washington,  D.  C.  The  original  pas- 
senger car  was  constructed  by  the  Camden  & 
Amboy  Railroad  Company,  1836.  The  locomotive 
'•John  Bull  "  left  New  York  city  under  steam  April 
17.  1893.  It  hauled  this  train  912  miles  without 
assistance,  to  Chicago,  arriving  April  22,  1893. 

The  exhibit  of  rolling  stock  and  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Chemical  and  Physical  Tests  of  this  com- 
pany was  located  in  the  Transportation  Building. 

The  whole  exhibit  was  under  the  direction  of 
Theo.  N.  Ely,  Chief  of  Motive  Power,  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  Company,  assisted  by  J.  Elfreth  Watkins, 
Curator  of  the  Department  of  Transportation  and 
Engineering,  United  States  National  Museum. 


J.   Elfreth  Watkins. 


THE    "JOHN     BULL"     TRAIN. 

122 


123 


GERMANY. 


COSTA     RICA. 


COLOMBIA. 


125 


BRAZIL. 

GREAT    BRITAIN. 
126 


127 


COPYRIGHT.   1893,    BY  STONE,    KASTLER  &  PAINTER.  ^r-\xi   /~,M       DIIII    I-MM^ 

CEYLON      BUILDING. 


COPYRIGHT,    1893,    BY  STONE,   KASTLER  &  PAINTER. 


FRENCH     BUILDING. 

J28 


SWEDISH     BUILDING. 
CANADIAN     BUILDING. 

129 


130 


JAPANESE    TEMPLE. 


COPYRIGHT,    1893,    BY  STONE,   KASTLER  &  PAINTER. 

ARCH/EOLOGY     AND     ETHNOLOGY     BUILDING. 

131 


KRUPP     GUN      EXHIBIT. 


INTERIOR     KRUPP     GUN     EXHIBIT. 
132 


DEDICATORY    CEREMONIES 

IN 

MANUFACTURES  AND  LIBERAL  ARTS  BUILDING. 

OCTOBER.  21,  1892. 


THE  most  impressive  part  of  the  Dedicatory  Ceremonies  were  those  held  in  the 
Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building,  on  Friday,  October  21,  1892. 
The  platform  from  which  the  vast  audience  was  to  be  addressed  had  been 
erected  on  the  east  side  of  the  building.  Seats  were  provided  for  the  President  of  the 
United  States  (who,  upon  this  occasion,  was  represented  by  Vice-president  Levi  P. 
Morton),  the  orators  of  the  day,  Hon.  Henry  Watterson  and  Hon.  Chauncey  M.  Depew, 
the  Chaplains, Bishop  Charles  H.  Fowler,  His  Eminence  Cardinal  Gibbons,  and  Rev.  H. 
C.  McCook;  Hon.  Thomas  W.  Palmer,  President  of  the  World's  Columbian  Commis- 
sion; Hon.  H.  N.  Higinbotham,  President  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition;  Hon. 
George  R.  Davis,  the  Director-General;  Hon.  D.  H.  Burnham,  Director  of  Works  and 
Hon.  Hempstead  Washburne,  Mayor  of  Chicago.  To  the  right  and  left  of  the  speakers 
were  grouped  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  the  Cabinet,  the  Diplomatic 
Corps,  Representatives  to  the  Exposition  from  Foreign  Governments,  the  Governors  of 
States  and  Territories,  the  United  States  Senators  and  House  of  Representatives, 
Major-General  John  M.  Schofield,  representing  the  Army  and  Admiral  Belknap  rep- 
resenting the  Navy,  the  National  Commissioners  and  Directors  of  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  lady  representatives  from  the  thirteen 
original  States  and  managers  of  State  exhibits.  At  the  South  end  of  the  hall  the 
World's  Fair  chorus  of  five  thousand  voices  and  the  orchestra  of  fifteen  hundred 
pieces  were  placed  on  a  platform  which  commanded  a  view  of  the  vast  auditorium. 

Mr.  Milward  Adams,  of  Chicago,  served  as  manager  of  the  arrangements 
required  within  the  grounds,  and  in  the  course  of  his  report  to  the  joint  committee  on 
ceremonies  says: 

< '  The  floor  within  the  large  trusses  of  the  Manufactures'  Building  was  seated 
with  chairs  and  benches  accommodating  60,000  people.  In  the  galleries  surrounding 
were  15,000  seats.  The  platform  in  the  east  center  of  the  building  was  arranged 
to  accommodate  2,500  guests.  Immediately  in  front  of  this  platform  were  accom- 
modations for  750  reporters,  who  were  provided  with  tables.  Back  of  these  tables, 
surrounding  the  platform,  were  about  15,000  seats  reserved  for  the  members  of 
the  press  who  could  not  be  seated  at  the  tables,  and  families  of  distinguished  guests 
from  abroad.  All  the  seats  on  the  main  floor  of  the  house  were  on  a  level,  but  the 
stages  were  so  arranged  that  the  entire  audience  had  a  perfect  view  of  them. 

' '  The  gates  were  open  at  half -past  eight  in  the  morning,  and  the  public  was 
urged  to  come  at  an  early  hour  to  avoid  any  confusion  from  meeting  with  the  military 
procession  that  was  reviewed  by  the  Vice-president  and  other  distinguished  guests  at 
Washington  Park,  as  the  ceremonies  were  announced  for  half-past  twelve  o'clock.  The 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  served  a  lunch  for  the  distinguished  guests  not  only  in 
the  Manufactures  Building,  but  also  at  buffets  in  the  Electrical  Building.  Refreshments 
were  served  to  the  chorus,  orchestra  and  anyone  of  the  audience  who  wished  to 
accept; — in  all  over  70,000  people  were  supplied  with  lunch." 

133 


This  was  the  largest  assemblage  that  was  ever  brought  together  under  one  roof. 
In  the  great  building,  which  covers  over  thirty  acres  of  ground,  were  assembled  125,  QUO 
people,  including  distinguished  guests  from  every  part  of  the  Old  and  New  World. 

The  scene  was  one  that  will  live  in  the  memory  of  every  participant.  Stretching 
away  into  space  on  every  side  until  the  eye  grew  weary  was  a  surging  sea  of  people, 
and  the  hum  of  a  hundred  thousand  voices  filled  the  vast  structure.  The  chorus  of 
5,000  persons,  massed  in  a  semi-circle  on  an  elevated  stage  at  the  south  end  of  the 
building,  seemed  but  a  mere  island  in  an  ocean  of  humanit}r.  When  the  diplomatic 
corps  entered,  the  great  throng  rose  in  a  body,  and  amid  the  waving  of  handkerchiefs, 
as  if  a  great  field  had  suddenly  blossomed  into  white,  greeted  the  distinguished  body. 

The  chorus  of  5,000  trained  voices  barely  filled  the  acres  of  space,  and  the  voices 
of  the  speakers  were  lost  in  this  hall  of  magnificent  dimensions.  The  assemblage,  so 
great  in  numbers  and  so  distinguished  in  individuality,  convoked  by  the  ' '  methods 
and  victories  of  peace,"  will  live  as  the  grandest  in  the  history  of  the  world. 

The  distinguished  guests  and  officials  of  the  World's  Columbian  Commission  and 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  had  been  escorted  from  the  city  to  the  Manufactures 
and  Liberal  Arts  Building,  where  the  following  exercises  were  conducted  under  the 
direction  of  Director-General  George  R.  Davis,  as  Master  of  Ceremonies. 

1.  "  Columbian  March,"  composed  by  Prof.  John  K.  Paine,  of  Cambridge. 

2.  Prayer,  by  Bishop  Chas.  H.  Fowler,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  of  California. 

3.  Introductory  address,  by  the  Director-General. 

4.  Address  of  Welcome  and  Tender  of  the  Freedom  of  the  City  of  Chicago,  by 
Hon.  Hempstead  Washburne,  Mayor. 

5.  Selected   Recitations   from   the   Dedicatory  Ode,    written   by   Miss   Harriet 
Monroe,  of  Chicago;  Music  by  Mr.  Gr.    W.  Chadwick,  of  Boston;  Readings  by  Mrs. 
Sarah  C.  Le  Moyne,  of  New  York. 

6.  Presentation  by  the  Hon.    D.   H.   Burnham,  director  of  Works,  of  the  master 
artists  of  the  Exposition,  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  award  to  them  of 
special  commemorative  medals. 

7.  Chorus — "The  Heavens  are  Telling" — Hayden. 

8.  Address,    "  Work  of   the    Board  of    Lady  Managers,  "Mrs.  Potter  Palmer, 
President. 

9.  Tender  of  the  Buildings  on  behalf  of  the  World's   Columbian  Exposition,  by 
Hon.  Harlow  N.  Higinbotham,  the  President  thereof,  to  the   President  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Commission. 

10.  Presentationof  the  Buildings  by  the  Hon.  Thomas  W.  Palmer,  President  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Commission,  to  the  President  of  the  United  States,  for  dedication. 

11.  Dedication  of  the  Buildings  by  Hon.  Levi  P.  Morton,  the  Vice-president  of 
the  United  States. 

12.  "Hallelujan  Chorus"  from  the  "Messiah" — Handel. 

13.  Dedicatory  Oration,  Hon.  Henry  Watterson,  of  Louisville,  Ky. 

14.  "  Star-Spangled  Banner  "  and  ' '  Hail  Columbia  "  with  full  chorus  and  orchestral 
accompaniment. 

15.  Columbian  Oration,  Hon.  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  of  New  York. 

16.  Prayer,  by  His  Eminence,  Cardinal  Gibbons,  Archbishop  of  Baltimore. 

17.  Chorus — "In  Praise  of  God " — Beethoven. 

18.  Benediction  by  Rev.  H.  C.  Me  Cook,  of  Philadelphia. 

19.  National  Salute. 

134 


PRf\YER 

BY 

BISHOP  CHARLES  H.  FOWLER, 

OF  CALIFORNIA. 


ALMIGHTY  God,  our  Heavenly  Father,  Thou  art  the  one  only  true  God,  eternal, 
immortal,  invincible,  blessed  over  all  for  evermore.  We  come  before  Thee  to 
worship  Thee,  to  render  unto  Thee  thanksgiving,  to  confess  our  helplessness, 
and  to  invoke  Thy  blessing  upon  us.  Thou  art  God.  Thou  hast  created  all  things. 
Thou  hast  made  the  world  and  all  things  therein.  Thou  art  Lord  of  Heaven  and  Earth. 
Thou  hast  made  of  one  blood  all  nations  of  men,  for  to  dwell  on  all  the  face  of  the  earth, 
and  hath  determined  the  times  before  appointed  and  the  bounds  of  their  habitation.  As 
a  people  whom  Thou  hast  exalted,  we  worship  Thee.  Before  the  majesty  of  Thy  power, 
and  the  all  consuming  glory  of  Thy  presence,  all  angels  and  archangels  veil  their  faces, 
thrones  and  dominions  and  principalities  and  powers  prostrate  themselves.  Yet  we, 
the  members  of  a  fallen  race,  children  of  a  wayward  family,  urged  by  our  dire  necessi- 
ties, encouraged  by  Thine  unbreakable  promises,  emboldened  by  Thine  infinite  love, 
inspired  by  Thy  life-giving  spirit,  and  sheltered  by  the  all-sufficient  atonement,  press 
our  way  up  to  the  very  steps  of  Thy  throne  and  worship  Thee,  because  Thou  hast  told 
us  that  in  spite  of  our  littleness  and  in  spite  of  our  sinfulness  we  may  come,  in  the 
way  Thou  hast  appointed,  with  boldness,  even  to  the  mercy-seat. 

Thou  hast  that  supreme  power  which  is  incapable  of  wearying  and  that  supreme 
wisdom  which  is  incapable  of  blundering  and  that  supreme  love  which  is  incapable  of 
upbraiding,  and  we  come  unto  Thee  asking  that  Thou  wilt  strengthen  us  in  our  weak- 
ness, guide  us  in  our  blindness,  teach  us  in  our  ignorance,  father  us  in  our  orphanage, 
pity  us  in  our  penitence,  and  save  us  in  our  faith  and  so  help  us  that  we  may  acceptably 
worship  thee.  We  bless  Thee,  we  praise  Thee,  we  laud  and  magnify  Thy  Holy  Name  ! 

We  thank  Thee  for  the  overflowing  goodness  which  Thou  has*  manifested  to  us, 
exceeding  abundant  above  all  that  we  can  ask  or  think.  We  thank  Thee  for  the 
revelation  of  Thyself  in  Thy  Son  to  take  away  all  sin,  in  Thy  Spirit  to  quicken  every 
virtue,  in  Thy  Word  to  dispel  every  superstition,  in  Thy  Providence  to  protect  from 
every  peril. 

We  thank  Thee  especially  for  Thy  favoring  providence,  which  has  ordered  the 
unfolding  of  our  history  as  a  people  and  the  shaping  of  our  destiny  as  a  nation.  Thou 
didst  keep  this  New  World  in  the  thick  clouds  that  surround  Thy  purposes  and  didst 
reserve  it  for  the  high  honors  of  Thy  Maturing  Kingdom.  In  the  fullness  of  time,  Thou 
didst  bring  it  to  the  knowledge  of  men  by  the  wisdom  and  the  prowess  and  faith  of 
Thy  servant  Columbus.  Thou  didst  so  inspire  his  mind  and  direct  his  thought  by  signs 
on  the  surface  of  the  sea  and  by  the  flight  of  birds  through  the  depth  of  the  air  that 
the  Southern  Continent  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  was  open  to  Southern  Europe,  and 
this  Northern  Continent  was  preserved  for  another  people  and  another  destiny.  Thus 
Thou  didst  launch  upon  the  tide  of  history  in  the  two  continents  of  the  New  World  two 

135 


new  and  great  and  mutually  helpful  nations.  We  thank  Thee  for  Thy  favoring  provi- 
dence. Thou  didst  speak  to  our  fathers,  heroic  and  great  men,  men  of  prayer  and  of 
power,  and  bade  them  come  to  this  open  land  and  plant  here  in  the  wilderness  great 
institutions  for  the  elevation  of  the  race,  to  consecrate  these  vast  valleys  and  endless 
plains  to  freedom,  to  free  ideas  and  free  conscience,  to  the  sanctity  of  the  private 
home  and  the  inalienability  of  individual  rights. 

We  thank  Thee  for  the  glorious  history  we  have  inherited  ;  for  dressy,  for  Smith- 
field,  and  for  Marston  Moor  ;  for  Lexington  and  Fort  Sumter,  for  Yorktown  and 
Appomattox,  these  throbbing  achievements"  of  our  patriotism.  We  thank  Thee  for 
Washington  and  Lincoln,  for  Webster  and  Clay,  for  Jefferson  and  Jackson,  and  for 
Grant — these  beacon  lights  of  the  republic. 

We  thank  Thee  for  the  mighty  hosts  of  the  heroic  dead,  and  for  the  priceless  les- 
sons they  have  taught  us  in  patriotism,  in  valor,  in  statesmanship,  and  in  sacrifice. 
We  thank  Thee  for  sixty  million  of  free,  heroic,  patriotic  citizens  ;  for  the  open  Bible, 
the  open  school,  and  the  open  church  ;  for  unprecedented  growth,  abundant  prosper- 
ity, multiplied  inventions,  unnumbered  libraries,  countless  newspapers,  many  colleges, 
great  universities,  ubiquitous  benevolence,  universal  peace,  uninterrupted  happiness, 
and  untarnished  honor.  We  thank  Thee  for  emancipated  manhood  and  exalted  wom- 
anhood. We  thank  Thee  for  a  free  consiencc,  by  a  free  church,  in  a  free  State,  for  a 
free  people.  For  these  precious  and  priceless  blessings  that  make  life  valuable  and 
kindle  quenchless  hopes  for  this  world  and  for  the  world  to  come,  we  thank  Thee. 

Now,  0  Lord,  our  God,  grateful  for  America,  with  her  great  republics  and  civil 
governments,  and  free  institutions,  we  ask  Thy  continued  blessings  upon  us.  Bless 
this  nation,  so  heavenly  freighted  with  benedictions  for  mankind. 

Bless  the  President  of  the  United  States  in  his  high  official  character.  Hear  us 
while  we  tarry  to  pray  Thy  blessing  on  his  family  in  the  stress  of  this  hour.  While 
the  warm  sympathies  of  the  nation  are  poured  into  this  foremost  and  representative 
home,  may  the  comfort  of  Thy  grace  abound  in  that  Christian  family,  and  may  Thy 
tender  care  preserve  it  unbroken  for  an  example  for  many  ;years  to  come.  Bless  the 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  honored  of  men  ;  may  he  be  loved  of  God.  Bless 
the  Secretaries,  the  President's  constitutional  advisers,  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  the  Senators  and  the  Congressmen  of  the  United  States,  the  Governors  of  the 
several  commonwealths,  and  all  in  official  and  responsible  places.  Bless  the  officers 
of  the  army  and  of  the  navy,  and  the  men  who  stand  for  the  defense  of  our  flag. 

We  pray  Thee  to  bless  the  women  of  America,  favored  above  their  sisters  in  all 
the  world  tvith  open  doors  to  varied  activities,  with  honorable  recognition  in  the 
responsibilities  of  life  and  of  character,  and  with  large  room  in  society  for  the  use  and 
development  of  their  gifts  and  acquirements  and  abilities  ;  may  they  show  to  all  the 
women  of  the  world  the  true  dignity  and  glory  of  Christian  womanhood. 

We  pray  Thee  to  bless  the  great  body  of  our  citizens,  that  they  may  improve  and 
perpetuate  their  patrimony.  Bless  the  honorable  and  learned  professions  in  our  land, 
that  we  may  have  wise  laws,  just  administrations,  efficient  remedies,  benign  faiths, 
and  helpful  sciences.  Bless  the  great  body  of  the  wage-earners,  and  may  labor  and 
capital  meet,  mingle,  and  thrive  together  on  the  basis  of  the  New  Testament. 

Bless  all  the  people  from  every  land  that  flow  into  our  population,  that  all,  of 
every  clime  and  color  and  race,  may  enjoy  the  blessings  of  righteousness  and  justice 
and  protection  and  security  under  our  flag  and  on  every  yard  of  our  soil. 

Bless  us  as  a  people  with  enlarging  intelligence  and  widening  charities  and  ever- 
improving  health  and  abounding  liberality.  Sanctify  our  homes,  multiply  our  chil- 

13d 


dren,  and  continue  our  prosperity.  Above  all  things  make  us  eminent  for  righteous- 
ness, a  nation  whose  God  is  the  Lord. 

We  pray  Thee  to  bless  the  President  and  the  General  Manager  of  this  Exposition 
and  these  Commissioners  and  the  men  and  women  who  have  toiled  amid  many  anxie- 
ties and  uncertainties  for  so  many  months  to  crown  this  undertaking  with  success.  May 
they  have  such  wisdom  and  help  from  Thee  for  their  difficult  and  delicate  duties  that 
they  may  deserve  and  receive  the  grateful  remembrance  of  their  fellow-citizens. 

We  invoke  Thy  choicest  blessings  upon  our  guests,  upon  those  who  come  hither 
from  distant  lands  and  climes  to  unite  with  us  in  this  great  enterprise,  whether  they 
come  from  the  rulers  of  the  earth  that  they  may  see  and  report  what  is  doing  in  these 
ends  of  the  world,  or  to  represent  the  arts  that  have  matured  through  the  ages,  or  to 
set  forth  the  triumphs  of  genius,  the  mechanical  and  industrial  achievements  that  are 
enriching  our  times.  We  pray  Thee  to  bless  them  and  keep  them  in  health  and  safety 
while  they  are  in  our  midst.  Keep  their  families  and  interests  in  their  distant  homes 
in  peace  and  prosperity.  May  their  return  to  their  homes  be  in  safety  and  comfort, 
carrying  with  them  many  kind  memories  of  this  land  and  of  this  day. 

Bless,  we  pray  Thee,  the  great  Nations  they  represent.  Bless  the  Great  Republic 
of  France,  the  rising  sun  of  liberty  on  the  shores  of  Europe.  Bless  the  Republic  of 
Switzerland,  and  the  Republics  of  South  America,  and  the  Republic  of  Mexico,  and  the 
Republics  of  Central  America.  May  the  torches  they  hold  up  in  the  world  never  go 
out  or  burn  dimly. 

Bless  the  free  government  of  Great  Britain,  with  her  many  and  vast  dependen- 
cies. Bless  the  lands  of  Scandinavia  and  their  heroic  sons  and  daughters.  Bless  the 
Empire  of  Germany  with  its  advancing  millions. 

Bless  Italy,  the  cradle  of  Columbus,  with  her  history  and  her  hopes.  Bless 
genial  and  sunny  Spain,  the  land  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  the  helpers  of  Columbus. 

Bless  Russia,  the  steady  and  fearless  friend  of  the  United  States,  with  her 
millions  of  subjects,  and  of  acres  and  of  wants.  Bless  Austria.  Bless  China,  popu- 
lous China,  and  Japan  and  Corea,  and  Turkey  and  Africa  and  all  the  nations  of  the 
earth,  whatever  their  form  of  government  or  type  of  religion.  May  the  truths  they 
hold  be  nourished.  May  the  light  they  have  received  grow  brighter  and  brighter  to 
the  perfect  day.  May  the  liberties  they  have  reached  be  perpetuated  and  multiplied 
till  all  the  nations  .of  the  earth  shall  be  freed  from  error,  from  superstition,  and  from 
oppression  and  shall  enjoy  the  blessing  of  righteousness,  of  liberty,  of  equality  and  of 
brotherhood  with  Thy  perpetual  favor. 

We  pray  Thy  blessings  upon  America  in  an  especial  manner,  according  to  her 
responsibilities.  May  she  come  up  to  the  high  character  Thou  requirest  of  her.  May 
she  accomplish  the  exalted  work  of  helping  to  draw  the  nations  of  the  earth  into  a  close 
and  friendly  brotherhood  and  shall  practice  the  arts  of  peace  and  go  forth  to  war  no 
more  forever.  May  our  Republic  grow  stronger  in  the  hearts  of  the  people  and  in  the 
respect  of  sister  nations  as  the  ages  roll  by.  May  she  grow  rich  in  intelligence,  in 
educational  resources,  in  the  fine  arts,  in  the  sciences,  in  the  productive  industries,  and 
in  that  great  wealth  of  noble  and  righteous  character  that  shall  make  her  the  friend  of 
all  nations,  to  whom  the  needy  nations  shall  turn  for  help,  the  bewildered  for  counsel 
and  the  weak  for  protection,  the  strong  for  wisdom,  and  all  for  fellowship;  and  may 
she  fill  the  world  for  future  ages  with  the  gladness  and  glory  of  our  Christian  civil- 
ization. 

O,  Almighty  God!  we  are  gathered  here  within  these  walls  and  within  these  gates 
from  our  National  Capital,  and  from  every  city  and  section  of  our  wide  domain,  and 

137 


from  all  the  lands  of  the  earth  to  acknowledge  Thee,  and  in  Thy  name,  and  in  the 
name  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  and  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  the 
United  States  to  dedicate  these  buildings  and  these  grounds  to  the  uses  and  purposes 
of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  We  pray  Thy  blessing  upon  this  undertaking 
that  it  may  bring  glory  to  Thy  name  and  benedictions  to  mankind. 

Now,  0,  Lord,  our  Father,  we  pray  Thy  blessings  upon  this  multitude.  In  Thy 
great  mercy  forgive  the  sins  of  each  of  us  and  bless  us  with  eternal  salvation.  As  this 
assembly  will  scatter  and  soon  be  gone,  may  each  one  be  ready  to  stand  in  that  throne 
and  be  permitted  to  hear  the  supreme  sentence,  ' '  Well  done,  enter  thou  into  the  joy 
of  thy  Lord. " 

And  unto  Thee,  our  God  and  our  Father,  through  Him  who  is  the  friend  of  sin- 
ners, will  we,  with  the  angels  that  stand  about  the  throne,  ascribe  ' '  blessing  and  glory 
and  wisdom  and  thanksgiving  and  honor  and  power  and  might  forever  and  ever,  amen. " 


COPYRIGHT,   1893,   BY  STONE,    KASTLER  &  PAINTER. 

DOME     OF     ENTRANCE     TO     MANUFACTURES     BUILDING. 

138 


INTRODUCTORY  f\DDRESS 

BY 

DIRECTOR-GENERAL  GEORGE  R.   DAVIS. 


LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  By  virtue  of  my  official  position,  it  is  my  pleasurable 
duty  to  present  the  noted  personages  who,  at  this  hour,  in  their  several  func- 
tions, are  to  contribute  to  the  exercises  with  which  we  here  dedicate  the 
grounds  and  buildings  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

In  a  presence  so  vast,  on  an  occasion  so  pre-eminent  in  the  progress  of  universal 
affairs,  I  am  moved  by  emotions  that  can  sweep  a  human  heart  but  once  in  life.  Awe 
overmasters  inspiration,  and  both  are  lost  in  gratitude  that  I  am  permitted  to  inaug- 
urate these  ceremonies. 

The  citizens  of  our  common  country  may  be  pardoned  the  pride  and  satisfaction 
with  which  we  study  the  historic  steps  by  which  our  people  have  been  led  to  their 
present  exalted  position. 

Of  the  great  nations  of  the  v,  orld,  the  United  States  is  the  youngest ;  our  resources 
are  equal  to  those  of  any  other  nation.  Our  sixty  millions  of  people  are  among  the 
most  intelligent,  cultured,  happy  and  prosperous  of  mankind.  But  what  we  are  and 
what  we  possess  as  a  nation  is  not  ours  by  purchase,  nor  by  conquest,  but  by  virtue 
of  the  rich  heritage  that  was  spread  out  beneath  the  sun  and  stars,  beneath  the  storms 
and  rains  and  dews,  beneath  the  frosts  and  snows,  ages  before  a  David,  a  Homer,  or 
a  Virgil  sang,  or  before  Italy's  humble  and  immortal  son  had  dreamed  his  dream  of 
discovery.  This  rich  heritage  is  ours,  not  by  our  own  might,  not  even  by  our  own 
discovery,  but  ours  by  the  gift  of  the  Infinite.  It  is  fitting  that,  on  the  threshold  of 
another  century,  we  reverently  pause  in  the  presence  of  the  world,  and  with  confession 
and  supplication,  with  thanksgiving  and  de votedness,  with  praise  and  adoration,  acknowl- 
edge our  dependence  on  the  Creator  of  the  universe,  the  God  of  the  nations,  the 
Father  of  mankind. 

Nature  has  given  us  a  virgin  soil  of  incomparable  richness  and  variety.  Our 
climate  is  so  diversified  that  all  the  fruits  of  tree  and  vine  ripen  under  our  autumnal 
skies.  The  great  seas  that  form  our  boundaries,  and  with  their  ebb  and  flow  bathe 
our  shores,  are  rich  with  all  the  treasures  of  the  deep.  The  granite  vaults  of  our 
mountain-chains  are  stored  with  untold  mineral  wealth.  In  the  prodigality  of  nature, 
bountiful  provision  has  been  made  for  our  multiplying  people,  and  in  times  of  emer- 
gency, from  our  great  abundance  we  may  succor  and  comfort  the  distressed  and  afflicted 
in  other  lands.  A  single  century  has  placed  this  people  side  by  side  with  the  oldest 
and  most  advanced  nations  of  the  world ;  nations  with  a  history  of  a  thousand  years : 
But  in  the  midst  of  our  rejoicing  no  American  citizen  should  forget  our  national 
starting  point,  and  the  quality  of  the  manhood  on  which  was  laid  the  very  foundation 
of  our  Government.  Our  fathers  were  born  under  foreign  flags.  The  very  best  brain, 
and  nerve,  and  muscle,  and  conscience  of  the  older  governments  found  their  way  to 
this  Western  Continent.  Our  ancestors  had  the  map  of  the  world  before  them;  what 

wonder  that  they  choose  this  land  for  their  descendants!     Over  the  very  cradle  of  our 

139 


national  infancy  stood  the  spirit  and  form  of  the  completed  civilization  of  other  lands, 
and  the  birth-cries  of  the  Republic  rang  out  over  the  world  with  a  voice  as  strong  as 
a  giant  of  a  thousand  years.  From  the  morning  of  our  history  the  subjects  of  all 
nations  have  flocked  to  our  shores  and  have  entered  into  our  national  life  and  joined  in  the 
upbuilding  of  our  institutions.  They  have  spaded  and  planted,  they  have  sown  and 
gathered,  they  have  wrought  and  builded,  and  to-day,  everywhere  all  over  this  land 
may  be  seen  the  products  and  results  of  this  toil,  constituting  our  national  prosperity, 
promoting  our  national  growth.  To  all  such  the  doors  of  the  nation  are  ever  open. 

The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  is  the  natural  outgrowth  of  this  nation's  place 
in  history.  Our  Continent,  discovered  by  Christopher  Columbus,  whose  spirits  were 
revived  as  his  cause  was  espoused  by  the  generous-hearted  Queen  of  Spain,  has, 
throughout  all  the  years  from  that  time  to  this,  been  a  haven  to  all  who  saw  here  the 
promise  of  requited  toil,  of  liberty  and  peace. 

The  ceaseless  resistless,  march  of  civilization,  Westward,  ever  Westward,  has 
reached  and  passed  the  great  lakes  of  North  America,  and  has  founded  on  their 
farthest  shore  the  greatest  city  of  modern  times.  Chicago,  the  peerless,  has  been 
selected  for  the  great  celebration  which  to-day  gives  new  fire  to  progress,  and  sheds 
its  light  upon  ages  yet  to  come.  Established  in  the  heart  of  this  Continent,  her 
pulse  throbs  with  the  quickening  current  of  our  national  life.  And  that  this  city  was 
selected  as  the  scene  of  this  great  commemorative  festival  was  the  natural  outgrowth 
of  predestined  events.  Here  all  nations  are  to  meet  in  laudable  emulation  on  the  fields 
of  art,  science  and  industry,  on  the  fields  of  research,  invention  and  scholarship,  and 
to  learn  the  universal  value  of  the  discovery  we  commemorate ;  to  learn,  as  could 
be  learned  in  no  other  way,  the  nearness  of  man  to  man,  the  Fatherhood  of  God  and 
the  brotherhood  of  the  human  race. 

This,  ladies  and  gentlemen,  is  the  exalted  purpose  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition.  May  it  be  fruitful  of  its  aim,  and  of  peace  forever  to  all  the  nations  of 
i,he  earth. 


140 


f\DDRESS  OF  WELCOME 

AND 

TENDER  OF  THE  FREEDOM  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO 

BY 

HON.  HEMPSTEAD  WASHBURNE,  MAYOR. 


M 


R.  President,  Representatives  of  Foreign  Governments,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen : 
This  day  is  dedicated  by  the  American  people  to  one  whose  name  in  indissol- 
ubly  linked  with  that  of  our  continent.  This  day  shall  add  new  glories  to 
him  whose  prophetic  vision  beheld  in  the  stars  which  guided  his  audacious  voyage  a 
new  world  and  a  new  hope  for  the  peoples  of  the  earth. 

The  four  centuries  passing  in  review  have  witnessed  the  settlement  of  a  newly 
discovered  continent,  the  founding  of  many  nations,  and  the  establishment  in  this 
country  of  more  than  sixty  millions  of  people  whose  wonderful  material  prosperity, 
high  intelligence,  political  institutions  and  glorious  history  have  excited  the  interest 
and  compelled  the  admiration  of  the  civilized  world. 

These  centuries  have  evolved  the  liberty-loving  American  people  who  are  gathered 
here  to-day.  We  have  with  us  the  pioneer  bearing  in  his  person  the  freedom  of  his  west- 
ern home — the  aging  veteran,  whom  all  nations  honor,  without  whose  valor  govern- 
ment, liberty  and  patriotism  would  be  but  idle  words.  We  have  with  us  builders  of 
cities,  founders  of  states,  dwellers  in  the  forests,  tillers  of  the  soil,  the  mechanic  and 
the  artisan,  and  noble  women,  daughters  of  the  republic,  not  less  in  patriotism  and 
deserved  esteem  than  those  who  seem  to  play  the  larger  part  in  building  up  a  state. 

There  are  gathered  here  our  President  and  stately  Senate,  our  grave  and  learned 
Judges,  our  Congress  and  our  States,  that  all  mankind  may  know  this  is  a  nation's 
holiday  and  a  people's  tribute  ,to  him  whose  dauntless  courage  and  unwavering  faith 
impelled  him  to  traverse  undismayed  the  unsailed  waste  of  waters,  and  whose  first  prayer 
upon  a  waiting  continent  was  saluted  on  its  course  by  that  banner  which  knows  no 
creed,  no  faith,  no  nation — that  ensign  which  has  represented  peace,  progress  and 
humanity  for  nineteen  hundred  years — the  holy  banner  of  the  cross. 

Those  foreign  nations  which  have  contributed  so  much  to  our  growth  will  here 
learn  wherein  our  strength  lies — that  it  is  not  in  standing  armies — not  in  heredity  or 
birth —  not  even  in  fertile  valleys — not  in  our  commerce  nor  our  wealth — but  that  we 
have  built  and  are  building  upon  the  everlasting  rock  of  individual  character  and  intelli- 
gence, seeking  to  secure  an  education  for  every  man,  woman  and  child  over  whom 
float  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  that  emblem  which  signfies  our  government  and  our 
people. 

That  flag  guards  to-day  21,500,000  school  children  of  a  country  not  yet  four  cen- 
turies old  and  who  outnumber  nearly  four  times  the  population  of  Spain  in  1492. 

This  is  our  hope  in  the  future — the  anchor  of  the  Republic — and  a  rainbow  of 
promise  for  the  centuries  yet  to  come. 

As  a  mark  of  public  gratitude  it  was  decided  to  carry  down  into  history  through 
this  celebration  the  appreciation  of  this  people  for  him  before  whose  name  we  all  bow 
to-day. 

141 


You,  sirs,  who  are  the  chosen  representatives  of  our  people — you  into  whose 
keeping  we  have  entrusted  our  property  and  our  rights — you  whose  every  act  becomes  a 
link  in  that  long  chain  of  history  which  spans  400  years  without  a  break  and  whose 
every  link  signifies  a  struggle  and  victory  for  man — you  who  represent  that  last  and 
most  perfect  experiment  of  human  government,  have  by  your  official  acts  honored  this 
young  city  with  your  choice  as  the  most  fitting  place  to  mark  this  country's  dawn. 

She  accepts  the  sacred  trust  with  rivalry  toward  none  and  fellowship  for  all. 
She  stands  ready  to  fulfill  the  pledges  she  has  made.  She  needs  no  orator  to  speak 
her  merits,  no  poet  to  sing  her  glories.  She  typifies  the  civilization  of  this  continent 
and  this  age ;  she  has  no  hoary  locks ;  no  crumbling  ruins ;  the  gray-haired  sire  who  saw 
her  birth,  to-day  holds  on  high  his  prattling  grandchild  to  see  the  nations  of  the  earth 
within  her  gates. 

Over  the  very  spot  whereon  we  stand,  within  the  memory  of  men  still  young, 
the  wild  fowl  winged  their  migratory  flight. 

Less  than  a  century  ago  the  site  of  this  young  city  was  unknown;  to-day  a  mil- 
lion and  a  half  people  support  her  honor,  enterprise  and  thrift.  Her  annual  commerce 
of  one  billion  and  a  half  tells  the  eloquent  story  of  her  material  greatness.  Her  liber- 
ality to  all  nations  and  all  creeds  is  boundless,  broad  as  humanity  and  high  as  the 
dome  of  heaven.  Rule  Britannia,  the  Marseilles,  die  Wacht  am  Rhein,  and  every 
folk  song  of  the  older  world  has  drifted  over  the  Atlantic's  stormy  waves,  and  as  each 
echo,  growing  fainter  with  advancing  leagues,  has  reached  this  spot  it  has  been  merged 
into  one  grand  chorus,  ' (  My  Country  'tis  of  Thee,  Sweet  land  of  Liberty,  Of  Thee  I 
Sing." 

Tnis,  sirs,  is  the  American  city  of  your  choice;  her  gates  are  open,  her  people 
at  your  service.  To  you  and  those  you  represent  we  offer  greeting,  hospitality  and 
love. 

To  the  Old  World,  whose  representatives  grace  this  occasion,  whose  governments 
are  in  full  accord  with  this  enterprise  so  full  of  meaning  to  them  and  to  us,  to  that 
Old  World  whose  children  braved  unruly  seas  and  treacherous  storms  to  found  a  new 
state  in  an  unknown  land,  we  give  greeting  too,  as  children  greet  a  parent  in  some  new 
home. 

We  are  proud  of  its  ancestry,  for  it  is  our  own.  We  glory  in  its  history,  for  it  was 
our  ancestral  blood  which  inscribed  its  rolls  of  honor,  and  if  to-day  these  distinguished 
men  of  more  distinguished  lands  behold  any  spirit,  thing  or  ambition  which  excites 
their  praise,  it  is  but  the  out-cropping  of  the  Roman  courage  on  a  new  continent,  in  a 
later  age. 

Welcome  to  you  men  of  older  civilizations  to  this  young  city  whose  most  ancient 
landmark  was  built  within  the  span  of  a  present  life.  Our  hospitalities  and  our 
welcome  we  now  extend  without  reserve,  without  regard  to  nationality,  creed  or 
race. 


142 


GOMMEMORfVTION    ODE>. 

BY 

HARRIET  MONROE. 


Columbia!  on  thy  brow  are  dewy  flowers 

Plucked  from  wide  prairies  and  from  mighty  hills. 
Lo!  toward  this  day  have  led  the  steadfast  hours. 

Now  to  thy  hope  the  world  its  beaker  fills. 
The  old  earth  hears  a  song  of  blessed  themes, 
And  lifts  her  head  from  a  deep  couch  of  dreams. 
Her  Queenly  nations,  elder-born  of  time, 
Troop  from  high  thrones  to  hear; 
Clasp  thy  strong  hands,  tread  with  thee  paths  sublime, 

Lovingly  bend  the  ear. 
Spain,  in  the  broidered  robes  of  chivalry, 

Comes  with  slow  foot  and  inward-brooding  eyes. 
Bow  to  her  banner!     'Twas  the  first  to  rise 

Out  of  the  dark  for  thee. 
And  England,  royal  mother,  -whose  right  hand 

Molds  nations,  whose  white  feet  the  ocean  tread, 
Lays  down  her  sword  on  thy  beloved  strand 

To  bless  thy  wreathed  head; 
Hearing  in  thine  her  voice,  bidding  thy  soul 
Fulfill  her  dream,  the  foremost  at  the  goal. 
And  France,  -who  once  thy  fainting  form  upbore, 
Brings  beauty  now  where  strength  she  brought  of  yore- 
France  the  swift-footed,  who  with  thee 
Gazed  in  the  eyes  of  Liberty, 
And  loved  the  dark  no  more. 

Around  the  peopled  \vorld 
Bright  banners  are  unfurled. 
The  long  procession  winds  from  shore  to  shore. 
The  Norseman  sails 
Through  icy  gales 

To  the  green  vineland  of  his  long-ago. 
Russia  rides  down  from  realms  of  sun  and  snow. 
Germany  casts  afar 
Her  iron  robes  of  war 
And  strikes  her  harp  with  thy  triumphal  song. 

Italy  opens  wide  her  epic  scroll, 
In  bright  hues  blazoned,  with  great  deeds  writ  long. 

And  bids  thee  win  the  kingdom  of  the  soul. 
And  the  calm  Orient,  \vise  \vith  many  days, 
From  hoary  Palestine  to  sweet  Japan, 

Salutes  thy  conquering  youth; 
Bidding  thee  hush  while  all  the  nations  praise, 

Know  though  the  world  endure  but  for  a  span. 

Deathless  is  truth. 
Lo!  unto  these  the  ever  living  past 

Ushers  a  mighty  pageant,  bids  arise 
Dead  centuries,  freighted  \vith  visions  vast, 
Blowing  dim  mists  into  the  future's  eyes. 
Their  song  is  all  of  thee, 
Daughter  of  mystery. 
143 


Alone!    alone! 
Behind  wide  walls  of  sea! 
And  never  a  ship  has  flown 

A  prisoned  world  to  free. 
Fair  is  the  sunny  day 

On  mountain  ana  lake  and  stream, 
Yet  wild  men  starve  and  slay, 

And  the  young-  earth  lies  adream. 
Long-  have  the  dumb  years  passed  with  vacant  eyes, 
Bearing  rich  gifts  for  nations  throned  afar, 
Guarding  thy  soul  inviolate  as  a  star, 
Leaving  thee  safe  with  God  till  man  grow  wise. 

At  last  one  patient  heart  is  born 
Fearless  of  ignorance  and  scorn, 
flis  strong  youth  \vasteth  at  thy  sealed  gate — 

Kings  will  not  open  to  the  untrod  path. 
His  hope  grows  sere  while  all  the  angels  wait, 

The  prophet  bows  under  the  dull  world's  wrath. 
Until  a  woman  fair 
As  morning  lilies  are 
Brings  him  a  jeweled  key — 
And  lo!  a  world  is  free. 

Wide  swings  the  portal  never  touched  before. 
Strange  luring  winds  blow  from  an  unseen  shore. 
Toward  dreams  that  cannot  fail. 
He  bids  the  three  ships  sail, 
While  Man's  new  song  of  hope  rings  out  against  the  gak 

Over  the  wide  unknown 

Far  to  the  shores  of  Ind, 
On  through  the  dark  alone, 

Like  a  feather  blown  by  the  wind, 
Into  the  \vest  away, 

Sped  by  the  breath  of  God, 
Seeking  the  clearer  day 

Where  only  His  feet  have  trod: 
From  the  past  to  the  future  we  sail, 

We  slip  from  the  leash  of  kin  gs. 
Hail,  spirit  of  freedom — hail! 

Unfurl  thine  impalpable  wings! 
Receive  us,  protect  us,  and  bless 

Thy  knights  who  brave  all  for  thee. 
Though  death  be  thy  soft  caress 

By  that  touch  shall  our  souls  be  free. 
Onward  and  ever  on, 

Till  the  voice  of  despair  is  stilled, 
Till  the  haven  of  peace  is  won 

And  the  purpose  of  God  fulfilled. 

O  strange  divine  surprise! 
Out  of  the  dark  man  strives  to  rise, 
And  struggles  inch  by  inch  with  toil  and  tears; 
Till  lo!     God  stoops  from  his  supernal  spheres, 
And  bears  the  glory  of  his  face. 
Then  darkness  flees  afar, 
This  earth  becomes  a  star — 
144 


Man  leaps  up  to  the  lofty  place. 
We  ask  a  little — all  is  given. 
We  seek  a  lamp — God  grants  us  heaven. 
So  these  who  dared  to  pass  beyond  the  pale, 
For  an  idea  tempting  the  shrouded  seas, 
Sought  but  Cathay.     God  bade  their  faith  prevail 

To  find  a  world  blessed  his  purposes! 
The  hero  knew  not  what  a  virgin  soul 

Laughed  through  glad  eyes  when  at  her  feet  he  laid 
The  gaudy  trappings  of  man's  masquerade. 
She  who  had  dwelt  in  forests,  heard  the  roll 
Of  lakes  down  thundering  to  the  sea, 

Beheld  from  gleaming  mountain-heights 
Two  oceans  playing  with  the  lights 
Of  eve  and  morn — ah!  what  would  she 

With  all  the  out-worn  pageantry 
Of  purple  robes  and  heavy  mace  and  crown! 

Smiling  she  casts  them  down, 
Unfit  her  young  austerity 
Of  hair  unbound  and  strong  limbs  bare  and  brown. 

Yet  they  who  dare  arise 
And  meet  her  stainless  eyes 

Forget  old  loves,  though  crowned  queens  these  be; 
And  \vhither  her  winged  feet  fare 
They  follow  though  death  be  there, 
So  sweet,  so  fleet,  so  goddess-pure  is  she. 
Her  voice  is  like  deep  rivers,  that  do  flow 
Through  forests  bending  low. 
Her  step  is  softest  moon-light,  that  doth  force 

The  ocean  to  its  course. 
Gentle  her  smile,  for  something  in  man's  face, 

World-worn,  time-weary,  furrowed  deep  with  tears 
Thrills  her  chaste  heart  \vith  a  more  tender  grace. 
Softly  she  smooths  the  wrinkles  from  his  brow, 

Wrought  by  the  baleful  years. 
Smiles  sunshine  on  the  hoar  head,  whispers  low 
New  charges  from  the  awakened  will  of  truth — 
Words  all  of  fire,  that  thrill  his  soul  with  youth. 
Not  with  his  brother  is  man's  battle  here. 

The  challenge  of  the  earth,  that  Adam  heard. 
His  love  austere  breathes  in  his  eager  ear. 
And  lo!  the  knight  who  warred  at  love's  command, 

And  scarred  the  face  of  Europe,  sheathes  his  sword 
Hearing  from  untaught  lips  a  nobler  word, 
Taking  new  weapons  from  an  unstained  hand. 
With  axe  and  oar,  with  mallet  and  with  spade 
She  bids  the  hero  conquer,  unafraid 
Though  cloud-veiled  Titans  be  his  lordly  foes — 
Spirits  of  earth  and  air,  whose  wars  brook  no  repose. 
For  from  far-away  mountain  and  plain, 

From  the  shores  of  the  sun-set  sea, 
The  unwearying  rulers  complain,  complain, 
And  throng  from  the  wastes  to  defend  their  reign. 

Their  threatened  majesty. 
The  low  prairies  that  lie  abloom 
Sigh  out  to  the  summer  air: 
145 


Shall  our  dark  soil  be  the  tomb 
Of  the  flowers  that  rise  so  fair? 

Shall  we  yield  to  man's  disdain, 
And  nourish  his  golden  grain? 
We  will  freeze  and  burn  and  snare. 
Ah!  bid  him  beware!     beware! 


And  the  forests,  heavy  and  dark  and  deep 

With  the  shadows  of  shrouded  years, 
In  a  murmurous  voice,  out  of  age-long-  sleep, 
Ask  the  winds:     What  creature  rude 
Would  storm  our  solitude? 
Hath  his  soul  no  fears,  no  tears? 
The  prone  rivers  lift  up  their  snow-crowned  heads, 
Arise  in  wrath  from  their  rock-hewn  beds, 
And  roar:  We  will  ravage  and  drown 
Ere  we  float  his  white  ships  down. 

And  the  lakes,  from  a  mist 

Of  amethyst 

Call  the  storm-clouds  down,  and  grow  ashen  and  brown. 
And  all  the  four  winds  wail: 

Our  gales  shall  make  him  quail; 
By  blinding  snow,  by  burning  sun, 
His  strength  shall  be  undone. 

Then  men  in  league  with  these 
Brothers  of  wind  and  waste — 
Hew  barbs  of  flint,  and  darkly  haste 

From  sheltering  tents  and  trees; 

And  mutter:  Away!  away! 

Ye  children  of  white-browed  day! 
Who  dares  profane  our  wild  God's  reign, 

We  torture  the  trap  and  slay. 

Child  of  the  light,  the  shadows  fall  in  vain. 

Herald  of  God,  in  vain  the  powers  conspire. 
Armed  with  truth's    holy  cross,  faith's  sacred  fire, 
Though  often  vanquished  he  shall  rise  again, 
Nor  rest  till  the  wild  lords  of  earth  and  air 
Bow  to  his  will,  his  burdens  glad  to  bear. 
The  angels  leave  him  not  through  the  long  strife, 
But  sing  large  annals  of  their  own  \vide  life, 
Luring  him  on  to  freedom.     On  that  field, 

From  giants  won,  shall  man  be  slave  to  man? 

Lo!  clan  on  clan 

The  embattled  nations  gather  to  be  one, 
Clasp  hands  as  brothers  'neath  Columbia's  shield, 
Upraise  her  banner  to  the  shining  sun. 
Along  her  blessed  shore 

One  heart,  one  song,  one  dream — 
Man  shall  be  free  for  evermore, 
And  love  shall  be  supreme. 

When  dreaming  kings,  at  odds  with  swift-paced  time. 

Would  strike  that  banner  down. 
A  nobler  knight  than  ever  \vrit  or  rhyme 

With  fame's  bright  wreath  did  crown, 
146 


Through  armied  hosts  bore  it  till  it  floated  high 
Beyond  the  clouds,  a  light  that  cannot  die. 
Ah!  hero  of  our  younger  race! 
Great  builder  of  a  temple  new! 

Ruler  who  sought  no  lordly  place; 
Warrior,  who  sheathed  the  sword  he  drew; 
Lover  of  men,  who  saw  afar 
A  world  unmarred  by  \vant  or  war, 
Who  knew  the  path  and  yet  forbore 
To  tread  till  all  men  should  implore; 
Who  saw  the  light  and  led  the  "way, 
Where  the  gray  world  might  greet  the  day; 
Father  and  leader,  prophet  sure, 
Whose  will  in  vast  works  shall  endure — 
How  shall  we  praise  him  on  this  day  of  days, 
Great  son  of  fame  who  has  no  need  of  praise? 

How  shall  we  praise  him?     Open  wide  the  doors 
Of  the  fair  temple  whose  broad  base  he  laid. 
Through  its  white  halls  a  shadowy  cavalcade 
Of  heroes  moves  o'er  unresounding  floors. 
Men  whose  brawned  arms  upraised  these  columns  high 
And  reared  the  towers  that  vanish  in  the  sky — 
The  strong  who,  having  wrought,  can  never  die. 

And  lo!  leading  a  blessed  host  comes  one 
Who  held  a  warring  nation  in  his  heart, 
Who  knew  love's  agony,  but  had  no  part 
In  love's  delight,  whose  mighty  task  was  done 
Through  blood  and  tears  that  we  might  walk  in  joy, 
And  this  day's  rapture  own  no  sad  alloy. 
Around  him  heirs  of  bliss,  whose  bright  brows  wear 
Palm-leaves  amid  their  laurels  ever  fair. 

Gaily  they  come,  as  though  the  drum 
Beat  out  the  call  their   glad  hearts  knew  so  well; 

Brothers  once  more,  dear  as  of  yore, 
Who  in  a  noble  conflict  nobly  fell. 
Their  blood  washed  pure  yon  banner  in  the  sky, 
And  quench  the  brands  laid  'neath  these  arches  high — 
The  brave  who,  having  fought,  can  never  die. 

Then  surging  through  the  vastness,  rise  once  more 
The  aureoled  heirs  of  light,  who  onward  bore 
Through  darksome  times  and  trackless  realms  of  ruth 
The  flag  of  beauty  and  the  torch  of  truth. 
They  tore  the  mask  from  the  foul  face  of  wrong; 

Even  to  God's  mysteries  they  dared  aspire; 

High  in  the  choir  they  built  yon  altar  fire, 
And  filled  these  aisles  with  color  and  with  song: 
The  ever  young,  the  unfallen,  wreathing  for  time 

Fresh  garlands  of  the  seeming-vanished  years; 
Faces  long  luminous,  remote,  sublime, 

And  shining  brows  still  dewy  with  our  tears. 
Back  with  the  old  glad  smile  comes  one  we  knew— 

We  bade  him  rear  our  house  of  joy  to-day; 
But  Beauty  opened  \vide  her  starry  way, 

And  he  passed  on.     Bright  champions  of  the  true, 
147 


Soldiers  of  peace,  seers,  singers  ever  blest, 
From  the  wide  ether  of  a  loftier  quest 
Their  winged  souls  throng  our  rites  to  glorify — 
The  wise,  who,  having  known,  can  never  die. 

Strange  splendors  stream  the  vaulted  aisles  along. 

To  these  we  loved  celestial  rapture  clings. 

And  music,  borne  on  rythm  of  rising  wings, 
Floats  from  the  living  dead,  whose  breath  is  song. 

Columbia,  my  country,  dost  thou  hear? 

Ah!  dost  thou  hear  the  songs  unheard  of  time? 
Hark!  for  their  passion  trembles  at  thine  ear. 

Hush!  for  thy  soul  miist  heed  their  call  sublime. 
Across  wide  seas,  uuswept  by  earthly  sails, 

Those  strange  sounds   drew  thee  on,  for  thou  shalt  be 
Leader  of  nations  through  the  autumnal  gales 

That  wait  to  mock  the  strong  and  wreck  the  free. 
Dearer,  more  radiant  than  of  yore, 

Against  the  dark  I  see  thee  rise. 
Thy  young  smile  spurns  the  guarded  shore 

And  braves  the  shadowed  ominous  skies. 
And  still  that  conquering  smile  who  see 
Pledge  love,  life,  service — all  to  thee. 
The  years  have  brought  thee  robes  most  fair — 

The  rich  processional  years; 
Ana  lilleted  thy  shining  hair. 
And  zoned  thy  waist  with  jewels  rare, 

And  whispered  in  thine  ears 
Strange  secrets  of  God's  wondrous  ways, 

Long  hid  from  human  awe  and  praise. 
For  lo!  the  living  God  doth  bare  His  arm. 

No  more  he  makes  His  house  of  clouds  and  gloom. 
Lightly  the  shuttles  move  within  His  loom. 
Unveiled  His  thunder  leaps  to  meet  the  storm. 
From  God's  right  hand  man  takes  the  powers  that  sway 

A  universe  of  stars. 
He  bows  them  down,  he  bids  them  go  or  stay, 

He  tames  them  for  his  wars. 
He  scans  the  burning  paces  of  the  sun. 
And  names  the  invisible  orbs  whose  courses  run 

Through  the  dim  deeps  of  space. 
He  sees  in  dew  upon  a  rose  impearled 
The  swarming  legions  of  a  monad  world 
Begin  life's  upward  race. 
Voices  of  hope  he  hears 

Long  dumb  to  his  despair, 
And  dreams  of  golden  years, 
Meet  for  a  world  so  fair. 
For  now  Democracy  doth  wake  and  rise 

From  the  sweet  sloth  of  youth. 
By  storms  made  strong,  by  many  dreams  made  wise. 

He  clasps  the  hand  of  truth. 
Through  the  armied  nations  lies  his  path  of  peace, 

The  open  book  of  knowledge  in  his  hand. 
Food  to  the  starving,  to  the  oppressed  release, 
And  Icve  to  all  he  bears  from  land  to  land. 
148 


Before  his  march  the  barriers  fall. 
The  laws  grow  gentle  at  his  call. 
His  glowing  breath  blows  far  away 
The  fogs  that  veil  the  coming  day — 

That  •wondrous  day 

When  earth  shall  sing  as  through  the  blue  she  rolls, 
Laden  'with  joy  for  all  her  thronging  souls. 
Then  shall  want's  call  to  sin  resound  no  more 

Across  her  teeming  fields.     And  pain  shall  sleep, 
Soothed  by  brave  science  with  her  magic  lore. 

And  war  no  more  shall  bid  the  nations  weep. 
Then  the  worn  chains  shall  slip  from  man's  desire. 
And  ever  higher  and  higher 
His  swift  foot  shall  aspire; 
Still  deeper  and  more  deep 
His  soul  its  \vatch  shall  keep, 
Till  love  shall  make  the  world  a  holy  place, 
Where  knowledge  dares  unveil  God's  very  face. 

Not  yet  the  angels  hear  life's  last  sweet  song. 

Music  unutterably  pure  and  strong 

From  earth  shall  rise  to  haunt  the  peopled  skies 

When  the  long  march  of  time, 

Patient  in  birth  and  death,  in  growth  and  blight,     > 
Shall  lead  man  up  through  happy  realms  of  light 
Unto  his  goal  sublime. 
Columbia!     Men  beheld  thee  rise 

A  goddess  from  the  misty  sea. 
Lady  of  joy,  sent  from  the  skies, 
The  nations  worshiped  thee. 

Thy  brows  -were  flushed  with  dawn's  first  light, 
By  foamy  waves  with  stars  bedight 

Thy  blue  robe  floated  free. 
Now  let  the  sun  ride  high  o'erhead, 

Driving  the  day  from  shore  to  shore. 
His  burning  tread  we  do  not  dread, 

For  thou  art  evermore 
Lady  of  love  whose  smile  shall  bless, 
Whom  brave  deeds  win  to  tenderness, 
Whose  tears  the  lost  restore. 

Lady  of  hope  thou  art.     We  wait 

With  courage  thy  serene  command. 
Through  unknown  seas,  toward  undreamed  fate, 

We  ask  thy  guiding  hand. 
On — though  sails  quiver  in  the  e-ale! 
Thou  at  the  helm,  we  cannot  fail. 

On  to  God's  time-veiled  strand! 
Lady  cf  beauty!  thou  shalt  win 

Glory  and  power  and  length  of  days. 
The  sun  and  moon  shall  be  thy  kin, 

The  stars  shall  sing  thy  praise. 
All  hail!  we  bring  thee  vows  most  sweet 
To  strew  before  thy  winged  feet. 

Now  onward  be  thy  ways. 


149 


PRESENTATION  OF  MASTER  ARTISTS 

BY 
MR.  D.  H.  BURNHAM,  DIRECTOR  OF  WORKS. 


IN  August,  1890,  the  World's  Columbian  Commission  was  to  decide  upon  a  site  for 
this  great  Exposition.  Without  hesitation  they  promptly  invited  the  most  emi- 
nent of  American  landscape  architects  to  join  them  and  give  advice.  The  sug- 
gestions of  these  men  were  approved  and  adopted.  In  December  it  became  necessary 
to  select  the  architects  of  the  buildings.  Again  the  corporation  intrusted  the  work  of 
choosing  to  an  expert,  and  since  that  time  no  single  important  step  of  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  has  been  taken  without  the  advice  of  an  expert  man.  When  before 
has  any  company  so  intrusted  its  interests  to  its  strongest  sons?  And  what  are  the 
results?  They  lie  around  you.  When  this  day  shall  stand  in  the  long  perspective 
of  the  past  and  your  children  read  the  story,  it  will  be  called  an  epoch — one  of  those 
rare  moments  which  can  only,  with  intervals  of  centuries,  come.  I  congratulate  the 
city  upon  the  devotion  and  generosity  of  her  sons,  which  have  made  this  day  possible. 
I  congratulate  the  company  upon  the  success  it  has  attained  by  its  wise  course  in  suffering 
its  expert  advisers  to  lead  it  on  and  in  supporting  them  so  nobly  with  its  millions  and 
its  perfect  faith.  I  congratulate  the  whole  country  in  possession  of  such  a  populace, 
whose  spirit  has  risen  to  such  an  occasion.  And  I  congratulate  the  world  upon  the 
result. 

My  countrymen,  you  have  freed  the  arm  of  the  allied  arts  which  until  now  has 
been  bound  since  Columbus'  day,  four  hundred  years  ago.  You  have  bidden  Archi- 
tecture, Sculpture,  Painting  and  Music  be  free  and,  as  has  ever  been  the  case  when, 
after  many  centuries,  a  community  shakes  off  the  sordid  chain  of  its  spirit,  the 
allied  arts  have  repaid  your  devotion  and  have  produced  this  result.  I  have  the  honor 
to  present  to  you  the  master  artists  of  the  Exposition. 


"HE     WHALEBACK     STEAMSHIP     CHRISTOPHER     COLUMBUS. 

150 


f\GGEFTf\NGE    OF   TH&    BUILDINGS 


PRESIDENT   HIGINBOTHAM   ON  BEHALF   OF   THE 
WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


M 


R.  BURNHAM  AND  GENTLEMEN  :  It  becomes  my  agreeable  duty,  on  behalf  of 
the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  to  receive  from 
you  these  buildings,  which  represent  your  thought,  skill  and  labor  as  master 
artists  of  construction.  It  is  difficult  to  command  language  fully  adequate  to  express 
our  satisfaction  with  your  achievements.  We  have  observed  with  admiration  the 
rapid  development  of  your  plans,  until  there  stand  before  us  to-day  structures  that 
represent  the  ripest  wisdom  of  the  ages. 

Never  before  have  men  brought  to  their  task  greater  knowledge,  higher  aims,  or 
more  resolute  purpose.  Never  before  have  such  magnificent  fruits  been  the  result  of 
thought  and  toil.  The  earth  and  all  it  contains  have  been  subservient  to  your  will. 
You  have  pursued  your  work  loyally,  heroically,  and  with  an  unselfish  devotion  that 
commands  the  applause  of  the  world.  Your  country  and  the  nations  of  the  earth  will 
join  us  in  congratulating  you  upon  the  splendid  issue  of  your  plans  and  undertakings. 

We  accept  these  buildings  from  you,  exulting  in  the  belief  that  these  beautiful 
structures  furnish  proof  to  the  world  that,  with  all  our  material  growth  and  prosperity 
since  the  Columbian  discovery  of  America,  we  have  not  neglected  those  civilizing  arts 
which  minister  to  a  people's  refinement  and  become  the  chief  glory  of  a  nation. 

"Peace  hath  her  victories, 
No  less  renowned  than  war." 

In  this  Exposition,  one  of  the  adorning  victories  of  our  age  of  peace,  you  take 
conspicuous  part,  and  the  work  accomplished  reflects,  and  will  continue  to  reflect, 
honor  alike  upon  yourselves  and  upon  your  country. 

In  recognition  of  your  faithful  and  efficient  services,  and  in  order  to  commemo- 
rate more  substantially  than  by  mere  words  the  successful  termination  of  your  great 
work  as  Master  Artists  of  Construction,  the  Board  of  Directors  have  issued  this  medal 
which  I  have  the  honor  to  present  to  you.  A  simple  token  it  is,  which  finds  its  real 
and  abiding  value  not  in  its  intrinsic  worth,  but  rather  in  the  high  merit  which  receives 
and  the  grateful  appreciation  which  bestows  it. 


151 


ADDRESS. 

"WORKS    OF    THE    LADY   MANAGERS;" 
BY 

MRS.  POTTER  PALMER, 
PRESIDENT  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  LADY  MANAGERS. 


M 


R.  PRESIDENT,  LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  Official  representation  for  women, 
upon  so  important  an  occasion  as  the  present,  is  unprecedented.  It  seems 
peculiarly  appropriate  that  this  honor  should  have  been  accorded  our  sex 
when  celebrating  the  great  deeds  of  Columbus,  who,  inspired  though  his  visions  may 
have  been,  yet  required  the  aid  of  an  Isabella  to  transform  them  into  realities. 

The  visible  evidences  of  the  progress  made  since  the  discovery  of  this  great  con- 
tinent will  be  collected  six  months  hence  in  these  stately  buildings  now  to  be  dedi- 
cated. 

The  magnificent  material  exhibit,  the  import  of  which  will  presently  be  eloquently 
described  by  our  orators,  will  not,  however,  so  vividly  represent  the  great  advance  of 
modern  thought  as  does  the  fact  that  man's  ' '  silent  partner  "  has  been  invited  by  the 
Government  to  leave  her  retirement  to  assist  in  conducting  a  great  national  enterprise. 
The  provision  of  the  A<jt  of  Congress  that  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  appoint  a  jury 
of  her  peers  to  pass  judgment  upon  woman's  work  adds'  to  the  significance  of  the 
innovation,  for  never  before  was  it  thought  necessary  to  apply  this  fundamental  prin- 
ciple of  justice  to  our  sex. 

Realizing  the  seriousness  of  the  responsibilities  devolving  upon  it,  and  inspired 
by  a  sense  of  the  nobility  of  its  mission,  the  Board  has,  from  the  time  of  its  organi- 
zation, attempted  most  thoroughly  and  conscientiously  to  carry  out  the  intentions  of 
Congress. 

It  has  been  able  to  broaden  the  scope  of  its  work  and  extend  its  influence  through 
the  co-operation  and  assistance  so  generously  furnished  by  the  Columbian  Commission 
and  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Exposition.  The  latter  took  the  initiative  in  making 
an  appropriation  for  the  Woman's  Building,  and  in  allowing  the  Board  to  call  atten- 
tion to  the  recent  work  of  women  in  new  fields  by  selecting  from  their  own  sex  the 
architect,  decorators,  sculptors  and  painters  to  create  both  the  building  and  its 
adornments. 

Rivaling  the  generosity  of  the  Directors,  the  National  Commission  has  honored 
the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  by  putting  into  its  hands  all  of  the  interests  of  women 
in  connection  with  the  Exposition,  as  well  as  the  entire  control  of  the  Woman's 
Building. 

In  order  the  more  efficiently  to  perform  the  important  functions  assigned  it,  the 
Board  hastened  to  secure  necessary  co-operation.  At  its  request,  women  were  made 
members  of  the  World's  Fair  Boards  of  almost  every  State  and  Territory  of  the  Union. 
Inspired  by  this  success  at  home,  it  had  the  courage  to  attempt  to  extend  the  ben- 
efits it  had  received  to  the  women  of  other  countries.  It  officially  invited  all  foreign 
governments  which  had  decided  to  participate  in  the  Exposition  to  appoint  commit- 

152 


tees  of  women  to  co-operate  with  it.  The  active  help  given  by  the  Department  of 
State  was  invaluable  in  promoting  this  plan,  the  success  of  which  has  been  notable, 
for  we  now  have  under  the  patronage  of  royalty,  or  the  heads  of  governments,  com- 
mittees composed  of  the  most  influential,  intellectual  and  practical  women  of  France, 
England,  Germany,  Austria,  Russia,  Italy,  Holland,  Belgium,  Sweden,  Norway,  Por- 
tugal, Japan,  Siam,  Algeria,  Cape  Colony,  Ceylon,  Brazil,  the  Argentine  Republic, 
Cuba,  Mexico,  and  Nicaragua,  and  although  committees  have  not  yet  been  announced, 
favorable  responses  have  been  received  from  Spain,  Columbia,  Ecuador,  Venezuela, 
Panama  and  the  Sandwich  Islands. 

No  organization  comparable  to  this  has  ever  before  existed  among  women.  It  is 
official,  acting  under  government  authority  and  sustained  by  government  funds.  It  is 
so  far-reaching  that  it  encircles  the  globe. 

Without  touching  upon  politics, .  suffrage  or  other  irrelevant  issues,  this  unique 
organization  of  women  for  women  will  devote  itself  to  the  promotion  of  their  indus- 
trial interests.  It  will  address  itself  to  the  formation  of  a  public  sentiment  which  will 
favor  woman's  industrial  equality,  and  her  receiving  just  compensation  for  services 
rendered.  It  will  try  to  secure  for  her  work  the  consideration  and  respect  which  it 
deserves,  and  establish  her  importance  as  an  economic  factor.  To  this  end,  it  will 
endeavor  to  obtain  and  install  in  these  buildings,  exhibits  showing  the  value  of  her 
contributions  to  the  industries,  sciences  and  arts,  as  well  as  statistics  giving  the 
proportionate  amount  of  her  work  in  every  country. 

Of  all  the  changes  which  have  resulted  from  the  great  ingenuity  and  inventive- 
ness of  the  race,  there  is  none  that  equals  in  importance  to  woman  the  application  of 
machinery  to  the  performance  of  the  never-ending  tasks  that  have  previously  been 
hers.  The  removal  from  the  household  to  the  various  factories,  where  such  work  is 
now  done,  of  spinning,  carding,  dyeing,  knitting,  the  weaving  of  textile  fabrics,  sew- 
ing, the  cutting  and  making  of  garments,  and  many  other  laborious  occupations,  has 
enabled  her  to  lift  her  eyes  from  the  drudgery  that  has  oppressed  her  since  pre-his- 
toric  days. 

The  result  is  that  women  as  a  sex  have  been  liberated.  They  now  have  time  to 
think,  to  be  educated,  to  plan  and  pursue  careers  of  their  own  choosing.  Consider  the 
value  to  the  race  of  one-half  of  its  members  being  enabled  to  throw  aside  the  intol- 
erable bondage  of  ignorance  that  has  always  weighed  them  down!  See  the  innumer- 
able technical,  professional  and  art  schools,  academies  and  colleges  that  have  been 
suddenly  called  into  existence  by  the  unwonted  demand !  It  is  only  about  one  hun- 
dred years  since  girls  were  first  permitted  to  attend  the  free  schools  of  Boston.  They 
were  then  allowed  to  take  the  places  of  boys,  for  whom  the  schools  were  instituted, 
during  the  season  when  the  latter  were  helping  to  gather  in  the  harvest. 

It  is  not  strange  that  woman  is  drinking  deeply  of  the  long-denied  fountain  of 
knowledge.  She  had  been  told,  until  she  almost  believed  it,  by  her  physician,  that 
she  was  of  too  delicate  and  nervous  an  organization  to  endure  the  application  and 
mental  strain  of  the  school-room ;  by  the  scientist  that  the  quality  of  the  gray  matter 
of  her  brain  would  not  enable  her  to  grasp  the  exact  sciences,  and  that  its  peculiar 
convolutions  made  it  impossible  for  her  to  follow  a  logical  proposition  from  premise  to 
conclusion;  by  her  anxious  parents  that  there  was  nothing  thrt  a  man  so  abominated 
as  a  learned  woman,  nothing  so  unlovely  as  a  blue  stocking;  and  yet  she  comes, 
smiling  from  her  curriculum,  with  her  honors  fresh  upon  her,  healthy  and  wise,  forc- 
ing us  to  acknowledge  that  she  is  more  than  ever  attractive,  companionable  and 
useful.  153 


TThat  is  to  be  done  with  this  strong,  self-poised  creature  of  glowing  imagination 
and  high  ideals,  who  evidently  intends,  as  a  natural  and  inherent  right,  to  pursue  her 
self -development  in  her  chosen  line  of  work?  Is  the  world  ready  to  give  her  indus- 
trial and  intellectual  independence,  and  to  open  all  doors  before  her?  The  human 
race  is  not  so  rich  in  talent,  genius  and  useful  creative  energy  that  it  can  afford  to 
allow  any  considerable  proportion  of  these  valuable  attributes  to  be  wasted  or  unpro- 
ductive, even  though  they  be  possessed  by  women. 

The  sex  which  numbers  more  than  one-half  the  population  of  the  world  is 
forced  to  enter  the  keen  competition  of  life  with  many  disadvantages,  both  real  and 
fictitious.  Are  the  legitimate  compensations  and  honors  that  should  come  as  the  result 
of  ability  and  merit  to  be  denied  on  the  untenable  ground  of  sex  aristocracy? 

We  are  told  by  scientists  that  the  educated  eye  and  ear  of  to-day  ai^e  capable  of 
detecting  subtle  harmonies  and  delicate  gradations  of  sound  and  color  that  were  imper- 
ceptible to  our  ancestors ;  that  artists  and  musicians  will  consequently  never  reach  the 
last  possible  combination  of  tones,  or  of  tints,  because  their  fields  will  widen  before 
them,  disclosing  constantly  new  beauties  and  attractions.  We  can  not  doubt  that 
human  intelligence  will  gain  as  much  by  development;  that  it  will  vibrate  with  new 
power  because  of  the  uplifting  of  one-half  of  its  members — and  of  that  half  which 
is,  perhaps,  conceded  to  be  more  moral,  sympathetic  and  imaginative — from  darkness 
into  light. 

As  a  result  of  the  freedom  and  training  now  granted  them,  we  may  confidently 
await,  not  a  renaissance,  but  the  first  blooming  of  the  perfect  flower  of  womanhood. 
After  centuries  of  careful  pruning  into  conventional  shapes,  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  an  artificial  standard,  the  shears  and  props  have  been  thrown  away.  We  shall 
learn  by  watching  the  beauty  and  the  vigor  of  the  natural  growth  in  the  open  air  and 
sunshine,  how  artificial  and  false  was  the  ideal  we  had  previously  cherished.  Our 
efforts  to  frustrate  nature  will  seem  grotesque,  for  she  may  always  be  trusted  to  pre- 
serve her  types.  Our  utmost  hope  is,  that  woman  may  become  a  more  congenial 
companion  and  fit  partner  for  her  illustrious  mate,  whose  destinies  she  has  shared  dur- 
ing the  centuries. 

We  are  proud  that  the  statesmen  of  our  own  great  country  have  been  the  first  to  see 
beneath  the  surface  and  to  understand  that  the  old  order  of  things  has  passed  away, 
and  that  new  methods  must  be  inaugurated.  We  wish  to  express  our  thanks  to  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States  for  having  made  this  great  step  forward,  and  also  for 
having  subsequently  approved  and  indorsed  the  plans  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers, 
as  was  manifested  by  their  liberal  appropriation  for  carrying  them  out. 

We  most  heartily  appreciate  the  assistance  given  us  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  the  Department  of  State,  and  our  foreign  Ministers.  We  hope  to  have 
occasion  to  thank  all  of  the  other  great  departments  of  the  Government  before  we  fin- 
ish our  work. 

Even  more  important  than  the  discovery  of  Columbus,  which  we  are  gathered 
together  to  celebrate,  is  the  fact  that  the  general  Government  has  just  discovered 
woman.  It  has  sent  out  a  flash-light  from  its  heights,  so  inaccessible  to  us,  which  we 
shall  answer  by  a  return  signal  when  the  Exposition  is  opened.  What  will  be  its  next 
message  to  us? 


154 


155 


TENDER  OF  THE   BUILDINGS 

BY 

PRESIDENT  HIGINBOTHAM, 

ON    BEHALF    OF    THE    WORLD'S    COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION, 

TO 

THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  COMMISSION. 


HON.  T.  W.  PALMER,  President  of  the  World's  Columbian  Commission: 
But  yesterday  these  surrounding  acres  composed  a  dismal  morass — a  resting- 
place  for  wild  fowls  in  their  migratory  flight.  To-day  they  stand  trans- 
formed by  art  and  science  into  a  beauty  and  grandeur  unrivaled  by  any  other  spot 
on  earth. 

Herein  we  behold  a  miniature  representation  of  that  marvelous  material  develop- 
ment, and  that  unprecedented  growth  of  national  greatness,  which,  since  the  daj's  of 
Columbus,  have  characterized  the  history  of  this  New  World. 

The  idle  boy,  strolling  along  the  shore  of  this  inland  sea,  carelessly  threw  a  pebble 
into  the  blue  waters.  From  that  center  of  agitation  there  spread  the  circling  wave 
which,  fainter  and  still  fainter,  grew  until  lost  at  last  in  the  distant  calm.  Not  so  did 
the  great  thought  come  and  vanish  which  has  culminated  in  these  preparations  for  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition.  It  was  not  the  suggestive  impulse  of  any  single 
brain  or  locality  that  originated  this  noble  enterprise.  From  many  minds  and  many 
localities  there  seemed  to  come,  spontaneously  and  in  unison,  suggestions  for  a 
Columbian  celebration.  Those  individual  and  local  sentiments  did  not  die  out  like  the 
waves,  but,  in  an  inverse  ratio,  grew  more  and  more  powerful,  until  they  mingled  and 
culminated  in  the  grand  and  universal  resolve  of  the  American  people — -"It 
shall  be  done." 

To-day,  sir,  on  behalf  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  representing  the  citizens  of 
Chicago,  to  me  has  been  assigned  the  pleasing  duty  of  presenting  to  the  World's 
Columbian  Commission  these  buildings,  for  dedication  to  the  uses  of '  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition,  in  celebration  of  the  four  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  dis- 
covery of  America. 

In  viewing  the  work  thus  far  accomplished,  we  gladly  acknowledge  ourselves 
debtors  to  the  patriotic  pride  of  our  fellow  citizens  throughout  the  land;  to  the  kindly 
interest  manifested  by  the  President  of  the  United  States;  to  the  generosity  of  Con- 
gress; to  the  hearty  sympathy  of  the  civilized  nations  of  the  earth,  and  to  the  efficient 
co-operation  of  the  honorable  Commission  which  you  represent. 

The  citizens  of  Chicago  have  cherished  the  ambition  to  furnish  the  facilities  for 
the  Exposition,  which,  in  character,  should  assume  a  national  and  international 
importance.  They  entertain  the  pleasing  hope  that  they  have  not  come  short  of  the 
Nation's  demand,  and  of  the  world's  expectation.  Permit  us,  sh\  to  believe  that  it 
was  not  a  narrow  ambition,  born  of  local  pride  and  selfishness,  which  asked  for  the 
location  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago.  Rather  let  it  justly  he  said, 

157 


that  it  was  in  view  of  the  fact  that  25,000,000  people  lived  within  a  radius  of  500 
miles  of  Chicago,  and  that  standing  here,  so  near  the  center  of  population,  Chicago 
would  be  accessible  to  a  larger  number  of  American  people,  who  are  the  creators  of 
our  wealth  and  prosperity,  than  would  any  other  city  on  the  continent.  The  citizens 
of  Chicago  have  been  actuated  by  the  most  patriotic  sentiments  in  asking  for  the  loca- 
tion of  the  Exposition  at  this  place.  Animated  by  the  most  public-spirited  motives, 
they  have  made  such  preparations  for  the  Exposition  as  we  trust  you  cannot  but  look 
upon  with  satisfaction. 

The  fidelity  and  remarkable  skill  of  the  Master  Artists  of  Construction  must  be  a 
justification  for  the  pride  with  which  we  point  to  the  structures  which  rise  about  us  in 
such  graceful  and  magnificent  proportions.  In  furnishing  grounds  and  buildings 
which  should  meet  the  modern  demand  for  utility  and  scientific  adaptation,  we  have 
not  done  violence,  let  us  hope,  to  that  growing  love  for  the  beautiful  which  gratifies 
the  eye  and  educates  the  taste.  Nature,  Science  and  Art  have  been  called  upon  to 
contribute  their  richest  gifts  to  make  these  grounds  and  buildings  worthy  of  your 
acceptance. 

The  Board  of  Directors  now  beg  leave  to  tender  to  the  World's  Columbian  Com- 
mission and  to  the  Nation  these  buildings,  in  fulfillment  of  Chicago's  pledge,  and  in 
honor  of  the  great  event  we  celebrate. 


COPYRIGHT,    1893,   BY  STONE,   KASTLER  &  PAINTER. 

MIDWAY    PLAISANCE  — OLD    VIENNA 

158 


PRESENTATION   OF   THE   BUILDINGS 

BY 

HON.  THOMAS  W.  PALMER, 

PRESIDENT  OF  THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  COMMISSION,  TO  THE 
PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:     When  a  structure   designed  for  a  beneficent  purpose 
lias  reached  completion  and  is  about  to  be  devoted  to  its  object,  it  is  deemed 
fitting,  in  accordance  with  a  custom  which  sprang  from  the  aspirations  of  man, 
and  which  has  received   the    sanction   of  successive  generations,  that   its  intent  and 
aim  shall  be  declared  amid  imposing  ceremonies,  and  the  good  will  of  the  present  and 
the  blessing  of  the  future  invoked  upon  it. 

If  this  occasion  shall  have  as  one  of  its  results  the  inauguration  of  another  festal 
day  to  enlarge  the  too  meager  calendar  of  our  people,  the  world  will  be  the  richer 
thereby,  and  a  name  which  has  been  hitherto  held  in  vague  and  careless  remembrance 
will  be  made  a  vital  and  elevating  force  to  mankind. 

Anniversaries  are  the  punctuations  of  history.  They  are  the  emphases  given  to 
events,  not  by  the  song  of  the  poet,  or  the  pen  of  the  rhetorician,  but  by  the  com- 
mon acclaim  of  mankind.  They  are  the  monuments  of  the  heroes  and  saviours  of 
the  race.  They  are  the  Memnons  which  fill  the  heart  with  promise,  the  eye  with  glad- 
ness and  the  ear  with  song. 

The  teacher  of  Socrates,  when  dying,  was  asked  what  he  wished  for  a  monu- 
ment. He  answered:  "Give  the  boys  a  holiday." 

It  was  a  happy  thought  to  have  linked  with  the  achievements  of  Columbus  and 
Pinzon,  which  doubled  the  area  of  the  habitable  globe,  an  undertaking  whereby  we 
hope  to  illustrate  the  fact  that  they  also  made  possible  more  than  a  duplication  of 
blessings  to  mankind. 

As  these  great  men  died  ignorant  of  the  magnitude  of  their  work,  may  we  not 
hope  that  this  Exposition  will  accomplish  a  greater  good  than  will  be  revealed  to  us 
of  to-day,  be  its  outcome  never  so  brilliant?  May  we  not  hope  that  lessons  here 
learned,  transmitted  to  the  future,  will  be  potent  forces  long  after  the  multitudes 
which  will  throng  these  aisles  shall  have  measured  their  span  and  faded  away? 

Four  hundred  years  ago  to-day,  Roderigo  de  Triana,  from  the  prow  of  the 
11  Pinta, "  cried  "Land!"  That  cry  marked  the  commencement  of  an  era  wherein 
has  been  condensed  more  of  good  import  to  the  race  than  in  any  other.  To-day,  at 
the  flood-time  of  that  era,  we  are  reminded  of  what  that  cry  involved,  and  of  how 
much  there  is  yet  to  do  to  give  it  its  fullest  significance. 

There  are  no  more  cpntinents  to  discover,  but  there  is  much  to  do  to  make  both 
hemispheres  the  home  of  intelligence,  virtue  and  consequent  happiness.  To  that  end, 
no  one  material  thing  can  contribute  more  than  expositions  to  which  are  invited,  in  a 
fraternal  spirit,  all  nations,  tribes  and  peoples,  where  each  shall  give  and  receive 
according  to  their  respective  capacities. 

The  foundations  of  civilization  have  been  laid.  Universal  enlightenment,  now 
acknowledged  as  the  safe  substructure  of  every  state,  receives  an  added  impulse 

159 


from  the  commingling  of  peoples  and  the  fraternization  of  races,  such  as  are  ushered 
in  by  the  pageant  of  to-day. 

Hitherto  the  work  of  the  National  Commission  and  of  the  Exposition  Company 
has  been  on  different  but  converging  lines ;  to-day  the  roads  unite,  and  it  may  not  be 
amiss  at  this  time  to  speak  of  the  work  already  done.  Two  years  ago  the  ground  on 
which  we  stand  was  a  dreary  waste  of  sand-dunes  and  quagmires,  a  home  for  wild 
fowl  and  aquatic  plants.  Under  skilled  artists,  supplemented  by  intelligence,  force, 
industry  and  money,  this  waste  has  been  changed  by  the  magic  hand  of  labor  to  its 
present  attractive  proportions.  I  do  not  speak  of  this  work  as  an  artist,  but  as  one 
of  the  great  body  of  laymen  whom  it  is  the  high  calling  of  art  to  uplift.  To  me  it 
seems  that  if  these  buildings  should  never  be  occupied,  if  the  exhibits  should  never 
come  to  attract  and  educate,  if  our  people  could  only  look  upon  these  walls,  towers, 
avenues  and  lagoons,  a  result  would  be  accomplished  by  the  influence  diffused  well 
worth  all  the  cost. 

It  was  an  act  of  high  intelligence  which,  in  the  beginning,  called  a  congress  of 
the  most  eminent  of  our  architects  for  consultation  and  concerted  action.  No  one 
brain  could  have  conceived  this  dream  of  beauty,  or  lured  from  fancy  and  crystallized 
in  form  these  habitations  where  art  will  love  to  linger,  and  science,  Cornelia-like, 
shall  expose  her  children  to  those  who  ask  to  see  her  jewels. 

Of  the  Commission  and  its  agencies,  its  Director-General  and  the  heads  of  its 
departments,  its  agents  and  envoys,  I,  although  a  part  of  that  national  organization, 
may  be  permitted  to  speak.  Called  together  by  the  President  two  years  ago,  its 
organic  law  difficult  of  construction,  with  room  for  honest  and  yet  contradictory 
opinions,  it  has  striven  honestly,  patriotically  and  diligently  to  do  its  whole  duty. 
Through  its  agencies,  it  has  reached  to  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth  to  gather  in  all 
that  could  contribute  to  make  this  not  only  the  museum  of  the  savant  and  the  well 
read,  but  the  kindergarten  of  child  and  sage. 

The  National  Commission  will,  in  due  time,  take  appropriate  action  touching  the 
formal  acceptance  of  the  buildings  provided  under  their  direction  by  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  Company  for  this  National  and  International  Fair. 

To  you,  Mr.  President,  as  the  highest  representative  of  the  Nation,  is  assigned  the 
honor  of  dedicating  them  to  the  purposes  determined  and  declared  by  Congress 

In  behalf  of  the  men  and  women  who  have  devoted  themselves  to  this  great 
work,  of  the  rich  who  have  given  of  their  abundance  and  the  poor  who  have  given  of 
their  necessities;  in  behalf  of  the  architects,  who  have  given  to  their  ideals  a  local 
habitation  and  a  name,  and  the  artists,  who  have  brought  hither  the  three  graces  of 
modern  life,  form,  color  and  melody,  to  decorate  and  inspire;  of  the  workmen  who 
have  prepared  the  grounds  and  reared  the  walls;  in  behalf  of  the  chiefs  who  have 
organized  the  work  of  the  exhibitors;  in  behalf  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  which  lias 
munificently  voted  aid ;  of  the  Congress,  which  has  generously  given  of  the  National 
moneys;  in  behalf  of  the  World's  Columbian  Commission,  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  Company,  and  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  I  ask  you  to  dedicate  these 
ouildings  and  grounds  to  humanity,  to  the  end  that  all  men  and  women  of  every 
clime  may  feel  that  the  evidence  of  material  progress  which  may  here  meet  the  eye  is 
good  only  so  far  as  it  may  promote  that  higher  life  which  is  the  true  aim  of  civiliza- 
tion— that  the  evidences  of  wealth  here  exhibited  and  the  stimulus  herein  given  to 
industry  are  good  only  so  far  as  they  may  extend  the  area  of  human  happiness. 

160 


DEDICATORY  flDDRESS. 

DELIVERED  BY 

HONORABLE  LEVI  P.  MORTON,  VICE-PRESIDENT  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

ON  BEHALF  OP  THE  PRESIDENT. 


Mr.  President :  Deep  indeed  must  be  the  sorrow  which  prohibits  the  President  of 
the  United  States  from  being  the  center  figure  of  these  ceremonials.  Realizing  from 
these  sumptuous  surroundings  the  extent  of  design,  the  adequacy  of  execution  and  the 
vastness  of  results,  we  may  well  imagine  how  ardently  he  has  aspired  to  be  officially  and 
personally  connected  with  this  great  work,  so  linked  to  the  past  and  to  the  present  of 
America.  With  what  eloquent  words  he  would  have  spoken  of  the  heroic  achievements 
and  radiant  future  of  his  own  beloved  country.  While  profoundly  anguished  in  his 
most  tender  earthly  affection,  he  would  not  have  us  delay  or  falter  in  these  dedicatory 
services,  and  we  can  only  offer  to  support  his  courage  by  a  profound  and  universal  sym- 
pathy. 

The  attention  of  our  own  country  and  of  all  peoples  elsewhere  concerned  in  indus 
trial  progress  is  to-day  fixed  upon  the  City  of  Chicago.     The  name  of  Chicago  has  be 
come  familiar  with  the  speech  of  all  civilized  communities  ;  bureaus  are  established  at 
many  points  in  Europe  for  the  purpose  of  providing  transportation  hither,  and  during 
the  coming  year  the  first  place  suggested  to  the  mind,  when  men  talk  of  America,  will 
be  the  City  of  Chicago.      This  is  due,  not  only  to  the  Columbian  Exposition,  which 
marks  an  epoch,  but  to  the  marvelous  growth  and  energy  of  the  second  commercial  city 
of  the  Union. 

I  am  not  here  to  recount  the  wonderful  story  of  this  city's  rise  and  advancement, 
of  the  matchless  courage  of  her  people,  of  her  second  birth  out  of  the  ashes  of  the 
most  notable  conflagration  of  modern  times,  nor  of  the  eminent  position  she  has  con- 
quered in  commerce,  in  manufactures,  in  science  and  in  the  arts.  These  are  known  of 
all  men  who  keep  pace  with  the  world's  progress. 

I  am  here  in  behalf  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States ;  in  behalf  of  all  the 
people;  to  bid  all  hail  to  Chicago!  All  hail  to  the  Columbian  Exposition!  From 
the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  Gulf,  and  from  the  peerless  cosmopolitan  capital  by  the  sea 
to  the  Golden  Gate  of  California,  there  is  no  longer  a  rival  city  to  Chicago  except  to 
emulate  her  in  promoting  the  success  of  this  work. 

New  York  has  signalized  the  opening  of  the  new  era  by  a  commemorative  func- 
tion instructive  to  the  student,  encouraging  to  the  philanthropist,  and  admonitory  to 
the  forces  arrayed  against  liberty.  Her  houses  of  worship,  without  distinction  of 
creed,  have  voiced  their  thanks  to  Almighty  God  for  religious  freedom;  her  children, 
to  the  number  of  five  and  twenty  thousand,  have  marched  under  the  inspiration  of  a 
light  far  broader  than  Columbus,  with  all  his  thirst  for  knowledge,  enjoyed  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pa  via;  and  for  three  successive  days  processional  progresses  on  land  and 
water,  aided  by  Spain,  and  Italy,  and  France,  saluted  the  memory  of  the  great  pilot 
with  the  fruits  of  the  great  discovery  in  a  pageant  more  brilliant  than  that  a^  Barce- 
lona, when,  upon  a  throne  of  Persian  fabrics,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  disregarding  the 

161 


etiquette  of  Castile  and  Aragon,  received  him  standing,  attended  by  the  most  splendid 
court  of  Christendom. 

And  what  a  spectacle  is  presented  to  us  here  !  As  we  gaze  upon  these  magnifi- 
cent erections,  with  their  columns  and  arches,  their  entablatures  and  adornments  ; 
when  we  consider  their  beauty  and  rapidity  of  realization,  they  would  seem  to  be 
evoked  at  a  wizard's  touch  of  Aladdin's  Lamp. 

Praise  for  the  organization  and  accomplishment,  for  the  architect  and  builder,  for 
the  artist  and  artisan  may  not  now  detain  me,  for  in  the  year  to  come,  in  the  mouths 
of  all  men  it  will  be  unstinted.  These  are  worthy  shrines  to  record  the  achievements 
of  the  two  Americas,  and  to  place  them  side  by  side  with  the  arts  and  industries  of 
the  elder  world,  to  the  end  that  we  may  be  stimulated  and  encouraged  to  new 
endeavors.  Columbus  is  not  in  chains,  nor  are  Columbian  ideas  in  fetters.  I  see  him, 
as  in  the  great  picture  under  the  dome  of  the  Capitol  with  kneeling  figures  about  him, 
betokening  no  longer  the  contrition  of  his  followers,  but  the  homage  of  mankind,  with 
erect  form  and  lofty  mien  animating  these  children  of  a  New  World  to  higher  facts  and 
bolder  theories. 

We  may  not  now  anticipate  the  character  and  value  of  our  national  exhibit.  Rather 
may  we  modestly  anticipate  that  a  conservative  award  will  be  made  by  the  world's 
criticism  to  a  young  nation  eagerly  listening  to  the  beckoning  future,  within  whose 
limits  the  lightning  was  first  plucked  from  Heaven  at  the  will  of  man,  where  the 
expansive  power  of  steam  was  first  compelled  to  transport  mankind  and  merchandise 
over  the  waterways  of  the  world,  where  the  implements  of  agriculture  and  handicraft 
have  been  so  perfected  as  to  lighten  the  burdens  of  toil,  and  where  the  subtle  forces  of 
nature,  acting  through  the  telegraph  and  telephone,  are  daily  startling  the  world  by 
victories  over  matter  which,  in  the  days  of  Columbus,  might  have  been  reckoned 
among  the  miracles. 

We  can  safely  predict,  however,  that  those  who  will  come  from  the  near  and 
distant  regions  of  our  country,  will  themselves  make  part  of  the  National  Exhibit. 
We  shall  see  the  descendants  of  the  loyal  cavaliers  of  Virginia,  of  the  Pilgrim  fathers  of 
New  England,  of  the  sturdy  Hollanders  who  in  1624  bought  the  twenty -two  thousand 
acres  of  the  Island  of  Manhattan  for  the  sum  of  twenty-four  dollars,  of  the  adherents  of 
the  old  Christian  faith,  who  found  a  resting  place  in  Baltimore,  of  the  Quakers  and  Pala- 
tine Germans  who  settled  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  of  the  Huguenots  who  fled 
from  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  to  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  in  the  North, 
and  those  of  the  Cooper  and  Ashly  rivers  in  the  South,  of  the  refugees  from  Salzburg 
in  Georgia,  and  of  Charles  Edward's  Highlanders  in  North  Carolina.  With  them,  also, 
we  shall  have  in  person,  or  in  their  sons,  the  thousands  of  others  from  many  climes 
who,  with  moderate  fortunes,  have  joined  their  futures  to  that  of  the  great  Republic, 
or  who  with  sinewy  arms  have  opened  our  waterways  and  builded  our  ironways.  We 
trust  that  from  the  lands  beyond  the  seas  many  will  come  to  engage  in  fraternal  com- 
petition, or  to  point  us  to  more  excellent  standards.  If  they  shall  find  little  in  our 
product  to  excite  their  admiration,  we  shall  welcome  them  to  the  atmosphere  of  the 
New  World,  where  some  of  the  best  efforts  have  been  made  in  the  cause  of  freedom 
and  progress  ;  by  Washington  and  Franklin  and  Lafayette  ;  by  Agassiz  and  Lincoln 
and  Grant ;  by  Bolivar  and  Juarez  and  Toussaint  L'Ouverture,  by  Fulton  and  Morse 
and  Edison. 

Columbus  lived  in  an  age  of  great  events.     When  he  was  a  child  in  1440  printing 
was  first  done  with  movable  type ;  seven  years  later  the  Vatican   Library,    the  great 


fountain  of  learning,  was  founded  by  Nicholas  the  Fifth;  and  1455  is  given  as  the  prob- 
able date  of  the  Mazarine  Bible,  the  earliest  printed  book  known.  It  was  not  until  a 
hundred  years  after  the  discovery  that  Galileo,  pointing  his  little  telescope  to  the  sky, 
found  the  satellites  of  Jupiter,  and  was  hailed  as  the  Columbus  of  the  Heavens! 

Columbus'  character  was  complex,  as  was  that  of  many  of  the  men  of  his  time, 
who  made  their  mark  in  history.  But  his  character  and  attainments  are  to  be  esti- 
mated by  those  of  his  contemporaries,  and  not  by  other  standards.  Deeply  read  in 
mathematical  science,  he  was  certainly  the  best  geographer  of  his  time.  I  believe  with 
Castelar,  that  he  was  sincerely  religious,  but  his  sincerity  did  not  prevent  his  indulging 
in  dreams.  He  projected,  as  the  eloquent  Spanish  orator  says,  the  purchase  of  the 
holy  places  of  Jerusalem  in  the  event  of  his  finding  seas  of  pearls,  cities  of  gold,  streets 
paved  with  sapphires,  mountains  of  emeralds  and  rivers  of  diamonds.  How  remote, 
and  yet  how  marvelous  has  been  the  realization !  Two  products  of  the  Southern  conti- 
nent, which  he  touched  and  brought  into  the  world's  economy,  have  proved  of  inestim- 
able value  to  the  race,  far  beyond  what  the  imagined  wealth  of  the  Indies  could  buy. 

The  potato,  brought  by  the  Spaniards  from  what  is  now  the  Republic  of  Equador, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  century  following  the  Discovery,  has  proved  next  to  the  prin- 
cipal cereals,  to  be  the  most  valuable  of  all  plants  for  human  food.  It  has  sensibly 
increased  the  wealth  of  nations  and  added  immeasurably  to  the  welfare  of  the  people. 
More  certain  than  any  other  crop,  and  having  little  to  fear  from  storm  or  drouth,  it  is 
hailed  as  an  effectual  barrier  against  the  recurrence  of  famines. 

Nor  was  the  other  product  of  less  importance  to  mankind.  Peruvian  bark  comes 
from  a  tree  of  spontaneous  growth  in  Peru,  and  many  other  parts  of  South  America. 
It  received  its  botanical  name  from  the  wife  of  a  Spanish  viceroy,  liberated  from  an 
intermittent  fever  by  its  use.  Its  most  important  base,  quinine,  has  come  to  be  re- 
garded, as  nearly  as  may  be,  as  a  specific  for  that  disease  and  also  for  the  preservation 
of  health  in  certain  latitudes,  so  that  no  vessel  would  dare  to  approach  the  East  or 
West  coast  of  Africa  without  a  supply,  and  parts  of  our  own  land  would  be  made 
partially  desolate  by  its  disappearance.  No  words  that  I  could  use  would  magnify  the 
blessings  brought  to  mankind  by  these  two  individuals  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  from 
the  shores  of  the  New  World. 

Limited  time  for  preparation  does  not  permit  me  to  speak  authoritatively  of  the 
progress  and  proud  position  of  our  Sister  Republics  and  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
to  demonstrate  the  moral  and  material  fruits  of  the  Great  Discovery.  Concerning 
ourselves  and  the  statistics  are  familiar  and  constitute  a  marvel. 

We  are  near  the  beginning  of  another  century,  and  if  no  serious  change  occurs  in 
our  present  growth,  in  the  year  1935,  in  the  lifetime  of  many  now  in  manhood,  the 
English  speaking  Republicans  of  America  will  number  more  than  one  hundred  and 
eighty  millions.  And  for  them,  John  Bright,  in  a  burst  of  impassioned  eloquence, 
predicts  one  people,  one  language,  one  law  and  one  faith  ;  and  all  over  the  wide  continent, 
the  home  of  freedom  and  a  refuge  for  the  oppressed  of  every  race  and  every  clime. 

The  transcendent  feature  in  the  character  of  Columbus  was  his  faith.  That  sus- 
tained him  in  days  of  trial  and  darkness,  and  finally  gave  him  the  great  discovery. 
Like  him,  let  us  have  faith  in  our  future.  To  insure  that  future,  the  fountains  must 
be  kept  pure,  public  integrity  must  be  preserved.  While  we  reverence  what  Gara- 
baldi  and  Victor  Emanuel  fought  for — the  union  of  peoples — we  must  secure  above 
all  else  what  Steuben  and  Kosciusko  aided  our  fathers  to  establish — liberty  regulated 
by  law. 


If  the  time  should  ever  come  when  men  trifle  with  the  public  conscience,  let  me 
predict  the  patriotic  action  of  the  republic  in  the  language  of  Milton: 
' '  Methinks  I  see  in  my  mind  a  noble  and  puissant 
Nation  rousing  herself  like  a  strong  man  after 
Sleep,  and  shaking  her  invincible  locks  ;  methinks 
I  see  her  as  an  eagle,  renewing  her^  mighty  youth, 
And  kindling  her  undazzled  eyes  at  the  full 
Mid-day  beam  ;  purging  and  unsealing  her  long 
Abused  sight  at  the  fountain  itself  of  heavenly 
Kadiance,  while  the  noble  noise  of  timorous 
And  flocking  birds,  with  those  also  that  love  the 
Twilight,  flutter  about,  amazed  at  what  she  means." 

Mr.  President:     In  the  name  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,   I  hereby 
dedicate  these  buildings  and  their  appurtenances,  intended  by  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States  for  the  use  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  to  the  world's  pro- 
gress in  art,  in  science,  in  agriculture,  and  in  manufactures. 
I  dedicate  them  to  humanity. 
God  save  the  United  States  of  America. 


MISS    HARRIET     MONROE,    AUTHOR    OF    THE     DEDICATORY    ODE. 


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THE     INFANTA     EULALIA. 
Representing  the  Queen  of  Spain   at  the  World's  Columbian   Exposition. 


166 


us; 


SANTA     MARIA. 


PINTA      AND     NINA. 

THE     CARAVELS     OF     COLUMBUS. 
168 


169 


170 


"DEDICATORY    ORflTION" 

DELIVERED    AT    THE 

DEDICATORY  CEREMONIES  OF  THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION  AT  CHICAGO 

BY 

HON.   HENRY  WATTERSON, 
FRIDAY,  OCTOBER  21. 


AMONGr  the  wonders  of  creative  and  constructive  genius  in  course  of  preparation 
for  this  festival  of  the  nations,  whose  formal  and  official  inauguration  has  brought 
us  together,  will  presently  be  witnessed  upon  the  margin  of  the  inter-ocean, 
which  gives  to  this  noble  and  beautiful  city  the  character  and  rank  of  a  maritime  metrop- 
olis, a  Spectatorium,  wherein  the  Columbian  epic  will  be  told  with  realistic  effects,  sur- 
passing the  most  splendid  and  impressive  achievements  of  the  modern  stage.  No  one 
who  has  had  the  good  fortune  to  see  the  models  of  this  extraordinary  work  of  art  can 
have  failed  to  be  moved  by  the  union,  which  it  embodies  of  the  antique  in  history  and  the 
current  in  life  and  thought  ;  as  beginning  with  the  weird  mendicant  fainting  upon  the 
hill-side  of  Santa  Rabida,  it  traces  the  strange  adventures  of  the  Genoese  seer  from  the 
royal  camp  of  Santa  Fe,  to  the  sunny  coasts  of  the  Isles  of  Inde,  through  the  weary 
watches  of  the  endless  night,  whose  sentinel  stars  seemed  set  to  mock,  but  not  to 
guide ;  through  the  trackless  and  shoreless  wastes  of  the  mystic  sea,  spread  day  by 
day  to  bear  upon  every  rise  and  fall  of  its  heaving  bosom  the  death  of  fair  fond 
hopes,  the  birth  of  fantastic  fears  ;  the  peerless  and  thrilling  revelation,  and  all  that 
has  followed,  to  the  very  moment  that  beholds  us  here,  citizens,  freemen,  equal 
share-holders,  in  the  miracle  of  American  civilization  and  development.  Is  there  one 
among  us  who  does  not  thank  his  Maker  that  he  has  lived  to  join  in  this  universal 
celebration,  this  jubilee  of  mankind  ? 

I  am  appalled  when  I  consider  the  portent  and  meaning  of  the  proclama- 
tion which  has  been  delivered  in  our  presence.  The  painter  employed  by  the 
King's  command  to  render  to  the  eye  some  particular  exploit  of  the  people, 
or  the  throne,  knows  in  advance  precisely  what  he  has  to  do  ;  there  is  a  limit 
set  upon  his  purpose,  his  canvas  is  measured  ;  his  colors  are  blended,  and  with 
the  steady  and  sure  hand  of  the  master  he  proceeds,  touch  upon  touch,  to 
body  forth  the  forms  of  things  known  and  visible.  Who  shall  measure  the  canvas  and 
blend  the  colors  that  are  to  body  forth  to  the  mind's  eye  of  the  present  the  scenes  of 
the  past  in  American  glory  ?  Who  shall  dare  attempt  to  summon  the  dead  to  life, 
and  out  of  the  tomb  of  the  ages  recall  the  tones  of  the  martyrs  and  heroes,  whose 
voices,  though  silent  forever,  still  speak  to  us  in  all  that  we  are  as  a  nation,  in  all  that 
we  do  as  men  and  women  ? 

We  look  before  and  after  and  we  see  through  the  half -drawn  folds  of  time  as  through 
the  solemn  archways  of  some  grand  cathedral  the  long  procession  pass,  as  silent  and 
as  real  as  a  dream ;  the  caravals  tossing  upon  Atlantic  billows,  have  their  sails  refilled 
from  the  East  and  bear  away  to  the  West ;  the  land  is  reached  and  fulfilled  is  the 

171 


vision  whose  actualities  are  to  be  gathered  by  other  hands  than  his  that  planned  the 
voyage  and  steered  the  bark  of  discovery  ;  the  long-sought,  golden  day  has  come 
to  Spain  at  last,  and  Castilian  conquests  tread  one  upon  another  fast  enough  to  pile  up 
perpetual  power  and  riches.  But  even  as  simple  justice  was  denied  Columbus 
lasting  tenure  was  denied  the  Spaniard. 

We  look  again  and  we  see  in  the  far  Northeast  the  Old  World  struggle  between  the 
French  and  the  English  transferred  to  the  New,  ending  in  the  tragedy  upon  the  heights 
above  Quebec  ;  we  see  the  sturdy  Puritans  in  bell-crowned  hats  and  sable  garments  assail 
in  unequal  battle  the  savage  and  the  elements  overcoming  both,  to  rise  against  a  mightier 
foe  ;  we  see  the  gay,  but  dauntless  cavaliers  to  the  Southward  join  hands  with  the 
Roundheads  in  holy  rebellion.  And  lo!  down  from  the  green- walled  hills  of  New 
England,  out  from  the  swamps  of  the  Carolinas,  come  faintly  to  the  ear  like  far-away 
forest  leaves  stirred  to  music  by  autumn  winds  the  drum  taps  of  the  Revolution  ; 
the  tramp  of  the  minute-men,  Israel  Putnam  riding  before  the  hoof -beats  of  Sumter's 
horse  galloping  to  the  front  ;  the  thunder  of  Stark'sguns  in  spirit-battle  ;  the  gleam  of 
Marion's  watch-fires  in  ghostly  bivouac,  and  there,  in  serried  saint-like  ranks  on 
fame's  eternal  camping-ground  stand 

"  The  old  Continentals, 
In  their  ragged  Regimentals, 
Yielding  not," 

as  amid  the  singing  of  angels  in  Heaven,  the  scene  is  shut  out  from  our  mortal  vision 
by  proud  and  happy  tears. 

We  see  the  rise  of  the  young  Republic,  and  the  gentlemen  in  knee-breeches  and 
powdered  wigs  who  signed  the  Declaration,  and  the  gentlemen  in  knee-breeches  and 
powdered  wigs  who  made  the  Constitution.  We  see  the  little  nation  menaced  from 
without.  We  see  the  riflemen  in  hunting-shirt  and  buckskin  swarm  from  the  cabin  in 
the  wilderness  to  the  rescue  of  country  and  home,  and  our  hearts  swell  to  a  second  and 
final  decree  of  independence  won  by  the  prowess  and  valor  of  American  arms  upon 
the  land  and  sea. 

And  then,  and  then  —  since  there  is  no  life  of  nations  or  of  men  without  its 
shadow  and  its  sorrow — there  comes  a  day  when  the  spirits  of  the  fathers  no  longer 
walk  upon  the  battlements  of  freedom,  and  all  is  dark,  and  all  seems  lost,  save  lib- 
erty and  honor  ;  and,  praise  God,  our  blessed  Union.  With  these  surviving,  who 
shall  marvel  at  what  we  see  to-day,  this  land  filled  with  the  treasures  of  earth  ;  this 
city  snatched  from  the  ashes  to  rise  in  grandeur  and  renown,  passing  the  mind  to  pre- 
conceive. Truly,  out  of  trial  cometh  the  strength  of  man,  out  of  disaster  cometh  the 
glory  of  the  State. 

We  are  met  this  day  to  honor  the  memory  of  Christopher  Columbus,  to  celebrate 
the  four- hundredth  return  of  the  year  of  his  transcendent  achievement,  and  with  fitting 
rites  to  dedicate  to  America  and  the  universe  a  concrete  Exposition  of  the  world's 
progress  between  1492  and  1892.  No  twenty  centuries  can  be  compared  with  these 
four  centuries,  either  in  importance  or  in  interest,  as  no  previous  ceremonial  can  be 
compared  with  this  in  its  wide  significance  and  reach  ;  because,  since  the  advent  of  the 
Son  of  God,  no  event  has  had  so  great  an  influence  upon  human  affairs  as  the  discov- 
ery of  the  Western  Hemisphere.  Each  of  the  centuries  that  have  intervened  marks 
many  revolutions.  The  merest  catalogue  would  crowd  a  thousand  pages.  The  story 
of  the  least  of  the  nations  would  fill  a  volume.  In  what  I  have  to  say  upon  this 
occasion,  therefore,  I  shall  confine  myself  to  our  own  ;  and,  in  speaking  of  the  United 


States  of  America,  I  propose  rather  to  dwell  upon  our  character  as  a  people,  and  our 
reciprocal  obligations  and  duties  as  an  aggregation  of  communities,  held  together  by  a 
fixed  constitution,  and  charged  with  the  custody  of  a  union  upon  whose  preservation 
and  perpetuation  in  its  original  spirit  and  purpose,  the  future  of  free,  popular  govern- 
ment depends,  than  to  enter  into  a  dissertation  upon  abstract  principles,  or  to  under- 
take an  historic  essay.  We  are  a  plain,  practical  people.  We  are  a  race  of  inventors 
and  workers,  not  of  poets  and  artists.  We  have  led  the  world's  movement,  not  its 
thought.  Our  deeds  are  to  be  found,  not  upon  frescoed  walls,  or  in  ample  libraries, 
but  in  the  machine  shop,  where  the  spindles  sing  and  the  looms  thunder  ;  on  the  open 
plain,  where  the  steam  plow,  the  reaper  and  the  mower  contend  with  one  another  in 
friendly  war  against  the  obduracies  of  nature;  in  the  magic  of  electricity,  as  it  pene- 
trates the  darkest  caverns  with  its  irresistible  power  and  light.  Let  us  consider  our- 
selves, and  our  conditions,  as  far  as  we  are  able,  with  a  candor  untinged  by  cynicism, 
and  a  confidence  having  no  air  of  assurance. 

A  better  opportunity  could  not  be  desired  for  a  study  of  our  peculiarities  than  is 
furnished  by  the  present  moment.  We  are  in  the  midst  of  the  quadrennial  period 
established  for  the  selection  of  a  Chief  Magistrate.  Each  citizen  has  his  right  of 
choice,  each  has  his  right  to  vote,  and  to  have  his  vote  freely  cast  and  fairly  counted. 
Wherever  this  right  is  assailed  for  any  cause,  wrong  is  done  and  evil  must  follow,  first 
to  the  whole  country,  which  has  an  interest  in  all  its  parts,  but  most  to  the  community 
immediately  involved,  which  must  actually  drink  of  the  cup  that  has  contained  the 
poison,  and  cannot  escape  its  infection. 

The  abridgment  of  the  right  of  suffrage,  however,  is  very  nearly  proportioned 
to  the  ignorance  or  indifference  of  the  parties  directly  concerned  by  it,  and  there  is 
good  reason  to  hope  that  with  the  expanding  intelligence  of  the  masses  and  the  grow- 
ing enlightenment  of  the  times,  this  particular  form  of  corruption  in  elections  will  be 
reduced  below  the  danger  line. 

To  that  end,  as  to  all  other  good  ends,  the  moderation  of  public  sentiment  must 
ever  be  our  chief  reliance ;  for  when  we  are  forced  by  the  general  desire  for  truth,  and 
the  light  which  our  modern  vehicles  of  information  throw  upon  truth,  to  discuss  public 
questions  for  truth's  sake,  when  it  becomes  the  plain  interest  of  public  men,  as  it  is 
their  plain  duty,  to  do  this,  and  when,  above  all,  friends  and  neighbors  cease  to  love 
one  another  less  because  of  ^dividual  differences  of  opinion  about  public  affairs,  the 
struggle  for  undue  advantage  will  be  relegated  to  those  who  have  either  no  character 
to  lose,  or  none  to  seek. 

It  is  admitted  on  all  sides  that  the  contemporaneous  Presidential  campaign  is  freer 
from  excitement  and  tumult  than  was  ever  known  before,  and  it  is  argued  from  this 
circumstance  that  we  are  traversing  the  epoch  of  the  commonplace.  If  this  be  so — 
thank  God  foe  it.  We  have  had  full  enough  of  the  dramatic  and  sensational,  and 
need  a  period  of  mediocrity  and  repose.  But  may  we  not  ascribe  the  rational  way 
in  which  the  people  are  going  about  the  consideration  of  their  public  business  to  larger 
knowledge  and  experience,  and  a  fairer  spirit  than  have  hitherto  marked  our  political 
contentions? 

Parties  are  as  essential  to  free  government  as  oxygen  to  animal  life  or  sunshine 
to  vegetation.  And  party  spirit  is  inseparable  from  party  organism.  To  the  extent 
that  it  is  tempered  by  good  sense  and  good  feeling,  by  love  of  country  and  integ- 
rity of  purpose,  it  is  a  supreme  virtue;  and  there  should  be  no  let  short  of  a  decent 

regard  for  the  sensibilities  of  others  put  upon  its  freedom  and  plainness  of  utterance. 

173 


Otherwise,  the  limpid  pool  of  Democracy  would  stagnate,  and  we  should  have  a 
Republic  only  in  name.  But  we  should  never  cease  to  be  admonished  by  the  warning 
words  of  the  Father  of  His  Country  against  the  excess  of  party  spirit,  reinforced, 
as  they  are,  by  the  experience  of  a  century  of  party  warfare;  a  warfare  happily 
culminating  in  the  complete  triumph  of  American  principles  though  brought  many 
times  dangerously  near  the  annihilation  of  all  that  was  great  and  noble  in  the  national 
life. 

Sursam  Corda.  We  have  in  our  own  time  seen  the  Republic  survive  an  irrepres- 
sible conflict,  sown  in  the  blood  and  marrow  of  the  social  order.  We  have  seen  the 
Federal  Union,  not  too  strongly  put  together  in  the  first  place,  come  out  of  a  great  war 
of  sections,  stronger  than  when  it  went  into  it ;  its  faith  renewed ;  its  credit  rehabilitated ; 
and  its  flag  flying  in  triumph  and  honor  above  seventy  millions  of  God-fearing  men  and 
women,  thoroughly  reconciled  and  homogeneous.  We  have  seen  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion outlast  the  strain,  not  merely  of  a  Reconstructory  ordeal  and  a  presidential 
impeachment,  but  a  disputed  count  of  the  electoral  vote,  a  Congressional  Dead-lock, 
and  an  extra  Constitutional  tribunal,  yet  standing  firm  against  the  assaults  of  its  ene- 
mies whilst  yielding  itself  with  admirable  flexibility  to  the  needs  of  the  country  and  the 
time.  And  finally  we  saw  the  gigantic  fabric  of  the  Federal  Government  transferred 
from  hands  that  had  held  it  a  quarter  of  a  century  t<?  ^ther  hands,  without  a  protest, 
although  so  close  was  the  poll  in  the  final  count  that  a  single  blanket  might  have  cov- 
ered both  contestants  for  the  chief  magisterial  office.  With  such  a  record  behind  us, 
who  shall  be  afraid  of  the  future? 

The  young  manhood  of  the  country  may  take  this  lesson  from  those  of  us  who 
lived  through  times  that  did,  indeed,  try  men's  souls — when  pressed  down  from  day  to 
day  by  awful  responsibilities  and  suspense,  each  night  brought  a  terror  with  every 
thought  of  the  morrow,  and  when,  look  where  we  would,  there  were  light  and  hope 
nowhere — that  God  reigns  and  wills,  and  that  this  fair  land  is  and  has  always  been,  in 
His  own  keeping. 

The  curse  of  slavery  is  gone.  It  was  a  joint  heritage  of  woe,  to  be  wiped  out 
and  expiated  in  blood  and  flame.  The  mirage  of  the  Confederacy  has  vanished.  It 
was  essentially  bucolic,  a  vision  of  Arcadie,  the  dream  of  a  most  attractive  economic 
fallacy.  The  Constitution  is  no  longer  a  rope  of  sand.  The  exact  relation  of  the 
States  to  the  Federal  Government,  left  open  to  double  construction  by  the  authors  of 
our  organic  being,  because  they  could  not  agree  among  themselves,  and  union  was  the 
paramount  object,  has  been  clearly  and  definitely  fixed  by  the  three  last  amendments  to 
the  original  chart,  which  constitute  the  real  treaty  of  peace  between  the  North  and  the 
South  and  seal  our  bonds  of  Nationality  forever^ 

The  republic  represents  at  last  the  letter  and  the  spirit  of  the  sublime  Declaration. 
The  fetters  that  bound  her  to  the  earth  are  burst  asunder.  The  rags  that  degraded  her 
beauty  are  cast  aside.  Like  the  enchanted  princess  in  the  legend,  clad  in  spotless 
raiment  and  wearing  a  crown  of  living  light,  she  steps  in  the  perfection  of  her  ma- 
turity on  the  scene  of  this,  the  latest  and  proudest  of  her  victories  to  bid  a  welcome  to 
the  world. 

Need  I  pursue  the  theme  ?  This  vast  assemblage  speaks  with  a  resonance  and 
meaning  which  words  can  never  reach.  It  speaks  from  the  fields  that  are  blessed  by 
the  never-failing  waters  of  the  Kennebec,  and  from  the  farms  that  sprinkle  the  valley 
of  the  Connecticut  with  mimic  principalities  more  potent  and  lasting  than  the  real ;  it 

speaks  in  the  whirr  of  the  mills  of  Pennsylvania  and  in  the  ring  of  the  wood-cutters' 

174 


ax  out  of  the  Lake  peninsulas  ;  it  speaks  from  the  great  plantations  of  the  South  and 
West,  teeming  with  staples  that  insure  us  wealth  and  power  and  stability  ;  yea,  and 
from  the  mines  and  forests  and  quarries  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  of  Alabama  and 
Georgia,  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  far  away  to  the  regions  of  silver  and  gold,  that  have 
linked  the  Colorado  and  the  Rio  Grande  in  close  embrace  and  annihilated  time  and  space 
between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific ;  it  speaks  in  one  word  from  the  hearth-stone  in  Iowa 
and  Illinois  ;  from  the  home  in  Mississippi  and  Arkansas  ;  from  the  hearts  of  seventy 
millions  of  fearless,  free-born  men  and  women,  and  that  one  word  is  "UNION." 

There  is  no  geography  to  American  manhood.  There  are  no  sections  to  American 
fraternity.  It  needs  but  six  days  and  a  change  of  raiment  to  convert  a  Vermonter  into 
a  Texan,  and  there  never  has  been  a  time  when  upon  the  battle-field  or  the  frontier 
Puritan  and  Cavalier  were  not  convertible  terms,  having  in  the  beginning  a  common 
origin  and  so  diffused  and  diluted  on  American  soil  as  no  longer  to  possess  a  local 
habitation  or  a  nativity  except  in  the  national  unit. 

The  men  who  planted  the  signals  of  American  civilization  upon  that  sacred  rock 
by  Plymouth  Bay  were  Englishmen,  and  so  were  the  men  who  struck  the  coast  a  little 
lower  down,  founding  by  Hampton  Roads  a  race  of  heroes  and  statesmen  the  mention 
of  whose  names  brings  a  thrill  to  every  heart.  The  South  claims  Lincoln,  the  immor- 
tal, for  its  own  ;  the  North  has  no  right  to  reject  Stonewall  Jackson,  the  one  typical  Pur- 
itan soldier  of  the  war,  for  its  own.  Nor  will  it.  The  time  is  :;oming,  is  almost  here, 
when  hanging  above  many  a  mantel  board  in  fair  New  England,  glorifying  many  a  cottage 
in  the  Sunny  South,  shall  be  seen,  bound  together  in  everlasting  love  and  honor,  two  cross- 
swords  carried  to  battle  respectively  by  the  grandfather  who  wore  the  blue  and  the  grand- 
father who  wore  the  gray. 

I  can  not  trust  myself  to  proceed.  We  have  come  here,  not  so  much  to  recall 
bygone  sorrows  and  glories,  as  to  bask  in  the  sunshine  of  present  prosperity  and  hap- 
piness ;  to  interchange  patriotic  greetings  and  indulge  good  auguries  ;  and,  above  all, 
to  meet  upon  the  threshold  the  stranger  within  our  gates,  not  as  a  foreigner,  but  as  a 
guest  and  friend  for  whom  nothing  that  we  can  have  is  too  good. 

From  wheresoever  he  cometh,  we  welcome  him  with  all  our  hearts.  The  son  of 
the  Rhone  and  the  Garonne,  our  godmother,  France,  to  whom  we  owe  so  much,  he 
shall  be  our  LaFayette  ;  the  son  of  the  Rhine  and  the  Mozelle,  he  shall  be  our  Goethe 
and  our  Wagner  ;  the  son  of  the  Campagna  and  the  Vesuvian  Bay,  he  shall  be  our 
Michael  Angelo  and  our  Garibaldi  ;  the  son  of  Aragon,  and  Mexico,  and  Central  and 
South  Americas,  he  shall  be  our  Christopher  Columbus,  fitly  honored  at  last  through- 
out the  world. 

Our  good  cousin  of  England  needs  no  words  of  special  civility  and  courtesy 
from  us.  For  him,  the  latch-string  is  ever  on  the  outer  side  ;  though  whether  it  be  or 
not,  we  are  sure  that  he  will  enter  and  make  himself  at  home.  A  common  language 
enables  us  to  do  full  justice  to  one  another,  at  the  festive  board,  or  in  the  arena  of 
debate,  warning  both  of  us  in  equal  tones  against  further  parley  on  the  field  of  arms. 

All  nations  and  all  creeds  will  be  welcome  here  ;  from  the  Bosphorus  and  the 
Black  Sea  ;  the  Viennese  woods  and  the  Danubian  plains  ;  from  Holland  dyke  to 
Alpine  crag  ;  from  Belgrade  and  Calcutta,  and  round  to  China  seas,  and  the  busy 
marts  of  Japan,  the  isles  of  the  Pacific  and  the  far  away  capes  of  Africa ;  Armenian, 
Christian  and  Jew  ;  the  American  loving  no  country  except  his  own,  but  loving  al. 
mankind  as  his  brother,  bids  you  enter  and  fear  not  ;  bids  you  partake  with  us  of  these 
fruits  of  four  hundred  years  of  American  civilization  and  development,  and  behold, 
these  trophies  of  one  hundred  years  of  American  independence  and  freedom. 

175 


At  this  moment,  in  every  part  of  the  American  Union,  the  children  are  taking  up 
the  wondrous  tale  of  the  discovery,  and  from  Boston  to  Galveston,  from  the  little  log 
school-house  in  the  clearing,  to  the  towering  academy  in  the  city  and  the  town,  may 
be  witnessed  the  unprecedented  spectacle  of  a  powerful  nation  captured  by  an  army  of 
liliputians,  of  embryo  men  and  women,  of  topling  boys  and  girls,  and  tiny  elves, 
scarce  old  enough  to  lisp  the  numbers  of  the  National  anthem,  scarce  strong  enough 
to  lift  the  miniature  flags  that  make  of  arid  street  and  autumn  wood  an  emblematic 
garden,  to  gladden  the  sight,  and  to  glorify  the  Red,  White  and  Blue.  See 

"  Our  young- barbarians  all  at  play," 

for  better  than  these  we  have  nothing  to  exhibit.  They  are  our  crown  jewels  ;  the 
truest,  though  the  inevitable,  offsprings  of  our  civilization  and  development  ;  the  rep- 
resentatives of  a  manhood,  vitalized  and  invigorated  by  toil  and  care  ;  of  a  woman- 
hood elevated  and  inspired  by  religion,  liberty  and  education.  God  bless  the  children 
and  their  mothers  ;  God  bless  our  country's  flag;  and  God  be  with  us  now  and  ever  ; 
God  in  the  roof-tree's  shade,  and  God  on  the  highway  ;  God  in  the  winds  and  the 
waves,  and  God  in  all  our  hearts. 


176 


TH&  COLUMBIAN  ORf\TION. 


BY 


CHAUNCEY  M.  DEPEW,  or  NEW  YORK. 


M 


R.  PRESIDENT,  LADIES  AND  GENTLEMEN:  This  day  belongs  not  to  Amer- 
ica, but  to  the  world.  The  results  of  the  event  it  commemorates  are  the 
heritage  of  the  peoples  of  every  race  and  clime.  We  celebrate  the  eman- 
cipation of  man.  The  preparation  was  the  work  of  almost  countless  centuries,  the 
realization  was  the  revelation  of  one.  The  Cross  on  Calvary  was  hope;  the  cross 
raised  on  San  Salvador  was  opportunity.  But  for  the  first,  Columbus  would  never 
have  sailed,  but  for  the  second  there  would  have  been  no  place  for  the  planting,  the 
nurture  and  the  expansion  of  civil  and  religious  liberty.  Ancient  history  is  a 
dreary  record  of  unstable  civilizations.  Each  reached  its  zenith  of  material  splendor, 
and  perished.  The  Assyrian,  Persian,  Egyptian,  Grecian  and  Roman  Empires,  were 
proofs  of  the  possibilities  and  limitations  of  man  for  conquest  and  intellectual  develop- 
ment. Their  destruction  involved  a  sum  of  misery  and  relapse  which  made  their  crea- 
tion rather  a  curse  than  a  blessing.  Force  was  the  factor  in  the  government  of  the 
world  when  Christ  was  born,  and  force  was  the  source  and  exercise  of  authority 
both  by  Church  and  State  when  Columbus  sailed  from  Palos.  The  Wise  Men  traveled 
from  the  East  toward  the  West  under  the  guidance  of  the  Star  of  Bethlehem.  The 
spirit  of  the  equality  of  all  men  before  God  and  the  law  moved  westward  from  Cal- 
vary with  its  revolutionary  influence  upon  old  institutions,  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Columbus  carried  it  westward  across  the  seas.  The  emigrants  from  England,  Ireland, 
Scotland  and  Wales,  from  Germany  and  Holland,  from  Sweden  and  Denmark,  from 
France  and  Italy,  have,  under  its  guidance  and  inspiration,  moved  West,  and  again 
West,  building  states  and  founding  cities  until  the  Pacific  limited  their  march.  The 
exhibition  of  arts  and  sciences,  of  industries  and  inventions,  of  education  and  civiliza- 
tion, which  the  Republic  of  the  United  States  will  here  present,  and  to  which,  through 
its  Chief  Magistrate,  it  invites  all  nations,  condenses  and  displays  the  flower  and  fruit- 
age of  this  transcendent  miracle. 

The  anarchy  and  chaos  which  followed  the  breaking  up  of  the  Roman  Empire 
necessarily  produced  the  feudal  system.  The  people,  preferring  slavery  to  annihilation 
by  robber  chiefs,  became  the  vassals  of  territorial  lords.  The  reign  of  physical  force 
is  one  of  perpetual  struggle  for  the  mastery.  Power  which  rests  upon  the  sword 
neither  shares  nor  limits  its  authority.  The  king  destroyed  the  lords,  and  the  mon- 
archy succeeded  feudalism.  Neither  of  these  institutions  considered  or  consulted  the 
people.  They  had  no  part  but  to  suffer  or  die  in  this  mighty  strife  of  masters  for  the 
mastery.  But  the  throne,  by  its  broader  view  and  greater  resources,  made  possible 
the  construction  of  the  highways  of  freedom.  Under  its  banner  races  could  unite,  and 
petty  principalities  be  merged,  law  substituted  for  brute  force,  and  right  for  might.  It 
founded  and  endowed  universities,  and  encouraged  commerce.  It  conceded  no  politi- 
cal privileges,  but  unconsciously  prepared  its  subjects  to  demand  them. 

Absolutism  in  the  State,  and  intolerance  in  the  church,  shackled  popular 
unrest,  and  imprisoned  thought  and  enterprise  in  the  fifteenth  century.  The  divine 

177 


right  of  kings  stamped  out  the  faintest  glimmer  of  revolt  against  tyranny ;  and  the 
problems  of  science,  whether  of  the  skies  or  of  the  earth,  whether  of  astronomy  or 
geography,  were  solved  or  submerged  by  ecclesiastical  decrees.  The  dungeon  was 
ready  for  the  philosopher  who  proclaimed  the  truths  of  the  solar  system,  or  the  navi- 
gator who  would  prove  the  sphericity  of  the  earth.  An  English  Gladstone,  or  a  French 
Gambetta,  or  a  German  Bismarck,  or  an  Italian  Garibaldi,  or  a  Spanish  Castelar,  would 
have  been  thought  monsters,  and  their  deaths  at  the  stake,  or  on  the  scaffold,  and  under 
the  anathemas  of  the  church,  would  have  received  the  praise  and  approval  of  kings  and 
nobles,  of  priests  and  peoples.  Reason  had  no  seat  in  spiritual  or  temporal  realms. 
Punishment  was  the  incentive  to  patriotism,  and  piety  was  held  possible  by  torture. 
Confessions  of  faith  extorted  from  the  writhing  victim  on  the  rack  were  believed  effica- 
cious in  saving  his  soul  from  fires  eternal  beyond  the  grave.  For  all  that  humanity 
to-day  cherishes  as  its  best  heritage  and  choicest  gifts,  there  was  neither  thought  nor 
hope. 

Fifty  years  before  Columbus  sailed  from  Palos,  Guttenberg  and  Faust  had  forged 
the  hammer  which  was  to  break  the  bonds  of  superstition,  and  open  the  prison  doers 
of  the  mind.  They  had  invented  the  printing  press  and  movable  types.  The  prior 
adoption  of  a  cheap  process  for  the  manufacture  of  paper  at  once  utilized  the  press. 
Its  first  service,  like  all  its  succeeding  efforts,  was  for  the  people.  The  universities  and 
the  school  men,  the  privileged  and  the  learned  few  of  that  age,  were  longing  for  the 
revelation  and  preservation  of  the  classic  treasures  of  antiquity,  hidden,  and  yet  insecure, 
m  monastic  cells  and  libraries.  But  the  first  born  of  the  marvelous  creation  of  these 
primitive  printers  of  Mayence  was  the  printed  Bible.  The  priceless  contributions  of 
Greece  and  Rome  to  the  intellectual  training  and  development  of  the  modern  world 
came  afterwards,  through  the  same  wondrous  machine.  The  force,  however,  which 
made  possible  America  and  its  reflex  influence  upon  Europe,  was  the  open  Bible  by  the 
family  fireside.  And  yet  neither  the  enlightenment  of  the  new  learning,  nor  the  dynamic 
power  of  the  spiritual  awakening,  could  break  through  the  crust  of  caste  which  had 
been  forming  for  centuries.  Church  and  State  had  so  firmly  and  dexterously  inter- 
woven the  bars  of  privilege  and  authority,  that  liberty  was  impossible  from  within. 
Its  piercing  light  and  fervent  heat  must  penetrate  from  without. 

Civil  and  religious  freedom  are  founded  upon  the  individual  and  his  independence, 
his  worth,  his  rights  and  his  equal  status  and  opportunity.  For  his  planting  and 
development,  a  new  land  must  be  found  where  with  limitless  areas  for  expansion,  the 
avenues  of  progress  would  have  no  bars  of  custom  or  heredity,  of  social  orders  or  priv- 
ileged classes.  The  time  had  come  for  the  emancipation  of  the  mind  and  soul  of 
humanity.  The  factors  wanting  for  its  fulfillment  were  the  new  world  and  its  dis- 
coverer. 

God  always  has  in  training  some  commanding  genius  for  the  control  of  great  crises 
in  the  affairs  of  nations  and  peoples.  The  number  of  these  leaders  is  less  than  the 
centuries,  but  their  lives  are  the  history  of  human  progress.  Though  Caesar  and 
Charlemagne,  and  Hildebrand,  and  Luther,  and  William  the  Conquerer,  and  Oliver 
Cromwell,  and  all  the  epoch  makers  prepared  Europe  for  the  event,  and  contributed  to 
the  result,  the  lights  which  illumine  our  firmament  to-day  are  Columbus  the  Discoverer, 
Washington  the  founder  and  Lincoln  the  savior. 

Neither  realism  nor  romance  furnishes  a  more  striking  and  picturesque  figure 
than  that  of  Christopher  Columbus.  The  mystery  about  his  origin  heightens  the  charm 
of  his  story.  That  he  came  from  among  the  toilers  of  his  time  is  in  harmony  with 

178 


the  struggles  of  our  period.  Forty-four  authentic  portraits  of  him  have  descended  to 
us,  and  no  two  of  them  are  counterfeits  of  the  same  person.  Each  represents  a  char- 
acter as  distinct  as  its  canvas.  Strength  and  weakness,  intellectuality  and  stupidity, 
high  moral  purpose  and  brutal  ferocity,  purity  and  licentiousness,  the  dreamer  and  the 
miser,  the  pirate  and  the  puritan,  are  the  types  from  which  we  may  select  our  hero. 
We  dismiss  the  painter  and  piercing  with  the  clarified  vision  of  the  dawn  of  the 
twentieth  century  the  veil  of  four  hundred  years,  we  construct  our  Columbus. 

The  perils  of  the  sea  in  his  youth  upon  the  rich  argosies  of  Genoa,  or  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  licensed  rovers  who  made  them  their  prey,  had  developed  a  skillful  navi- 
gator and  intrepid  mariner.  They  had  given  him  a  glimpse  of  the  possibilities  of  the 
unknown,  beyond  the  highways  of  travel,  which  roused  an  unquenchable  thirst  for 
adventure  and  research.  The  study  of  the  narratives  of  previous  explorers,  and  dili- 
gent questioning  of  the  daring  spirits  who  had  ventured  far  towards  the  fabled  West, 
gradually  evolved  a  theory,  which  became  in  his  mind  so  fixed  a  fact  that  -he  could 
inspire  others  with  his  own  passionate  beliefs.  The  words,  "  That  is  a  lie, "  written 
by  him  on  the  margin  of  nearly  every  page  of  a  volume  of  the  travels  of  Marco  Polo, 
which  is  still  to  be  found  in  a  Genoese  library,  illustrate  the  scepticism  of  his  begin- 
ning, and  the  first  vision  of  the  New  World  the  fulfillment  of  his  faith. 

To  secure  the  means  to  test  the  truth  of  his  speculations,  this  poor  and  unknown 
dreamer  must  win  the  support  of  kings,  and  overcome  the  hostility  of  the  Church.  He 
never  doubted  his  ability  to  do  both,  though  he  knew  of  no  man  living  who  was  so 
great  in  power,  or  lineage,  or  learning,  that  he  could  accomplish  either.  Unaided  and 
alone,  he  succeeded  in  arousing  the  jealousies  of  sovereigns,  and  dividing  the  councils 
of  the  ecclesiastics.  ' '  I  will  command  your  fleet  and  discover  for  you  new  realms,  but 
only  on  condition  that  you  confer  on  me  hereditary  nobility,  the  admiralty  of  the 
ocean,  and  the  vice-royalty  and  one-tenth  the  revenues  of  the  New  World,"  were  his 
haughty  terms  to  King  John,  of  Portugal.  After  ten  years  of  disappointment  and 
poverty,  subsisting  most  of  the  time  upon  the  charity  of  the  enlightened  monk  of  the 
Convent  of  Kabida,  who  was  his  unfaultering  friend,  he  stood  before  the  throne  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella;  and,  rising  to  imperial  dignity  in  his  rags,  embodied  the  same 
royal  conditions  in  his  petition.  The  capture  of  Grenada,  the  expulsion  of  Islam  from 
Europe,  and  the  triumph  of  the  Cross,  aroused  the  admiration  and  devotion  of  Chris- 
tendom. But  this  proud  beggar,  holding  in  his  grasp  the  potential  promise,  and 
dominion  of  El  Dorado  and  Cathay,  divided  with  the  Moslem  surrender  the  attention 
of  sovereigns  and  bishops.  France  and  England  indicated  a  desire  to  hear  his  theories 
and  see  his  maps,  while  he  was  still  a  suppliant  at  the  gates  of  the  camp  of  Castile 
and  Aragon,  the  sport  of  its  courtiers  and  the  scoff  of  its  confessors.  His  unshakable 
faith  that  Christopher  Columbus  was  commissioned  from  heaven,  both  by  his  name 
and  by  Divine  command,  to  carry  "Christ  across  the  sea"  to  new  continents  and 
pagan  peoples,  lifted  him  so  far  above  the  discouragements  of  an  empty  purse,  and  a 
contemptuous  court,  that  he  was  proof  against  the  rebuffs  of  fortune,  or  of  friends. 
To  conquer  the  prejudices  of  the  clergy,  to  win  the  approval  and  financial  support  of 
the  State,  to  venture  upon  an  unknown  ocean,  which,  according  to  the  beliefs  of  the 
age,  was  peopled  with  demons  and  savage  beasts  of  frightful  shape,  and  from  which 
there  was  no  possibility  of  return,  required  the  zeal  of  Peter  the  Hermit,  the  chivalric 
courage  of  the  Cid,  and  the  imagination  of  Dante.  Columbus  belonged  to  that  high 
order  of  cranks  who  confidently  walk  where  "angels  fear  to  tread,"  and  often  become 
the  benefactors  of  their  country  or  their  kind. 

179 


It  was  a  happy  omen  of  the  position  which  woman  was  to  hold  in  America,  that 
the  only  person  who  comprehended  the  majestic  scope  of  his  plans,  and  the  invinci- 
ble quality  of  his  genius,  was  the  able  and  gracious  Queen  of  Castile.  Isabella  alone, 
of  all  the  dignitaries  of  that  age,  shares  with  Columbus  the  honors  of  his  great  achieve- 
ment. She  arrayed  her  kingdom  and  her  private  fortune  behind  the  enthusiasm  of 
this  mystic  mariner,  and  posterity  pays  homage  to  her  wisdom  and  faith. 

The  overthrow  of  the  Mohammedan  power  in  Spain  would  have  been  a  forgotten 
scene,  in  one  of  the  innumerable  acts  in  the  grand  drama  of  history,  had  not  Isabella 
conferred  immortality  upon  herself,  her  husband  and  their  dual  crown  by  her  recogni- 
tion of  Columbus.  The  devout  spirit  of  the  Queen,  and  the  high  purpose  of  the 
explorer  inspired  the  voyage,  subdued  the  mutinous  crew,  and  prevailed  over  the 
raging  storms.  They  covered,  with  the  divine  radiance  of  religion  and  humanity,  the 
degrading  search  for  gold,  and  the  horrors  of  its  quest,  which  filled  the  first  century 
of  conquest  with  every  form  of  lust  and  greed. 

The  mighty  soul  of  the  great  Admiral  was  undaunted  by  the  ingratitude  of 
princes,  and  the  hostility  of  the  people,  by  imprisonment  and  neglect.  He  died  as  he 
was  securing  the  means,  and  preparing  a  campaign  for  the  rescue  of  the  Holy  Sepul- 
chre at  Jerusalem  from  the  infidel.  He  did  not  know  what  time  has  revealed,  that 
while  the  mission  of  the  Crusades,  of  Godfrey  of  Boullion  and  Richard  of  the  Lion 
Heart  was  a  bloody  and  fruitless  romance,  the  discovery  of  America  was  the  salvation 
of  the  world.  The  one  was  the  symbol,  the  other  the  spirit  ;  the  one  death,  the  other 
life.  The  tomb  of  the  Savior  was  a  narrow  and  empty  vault  precious  only  for  its 
memories  of  the  supreme  tragedy  of  the  centuries,  but  the  new  continent  was  to  be 
the  home  and  temple  of  the  living  God. 

The  rulers  of  the  Old  World  began  with  partitioning  the  New.  To  them  the  dis- 
covery was  the  expansion  of  the  Empire  and  grandeur  to  the  throne.  Vast  terri- 
tories, whose  properties  and  possibilities  were  little  understood,,  and  whose  extent  was 
greater  than  the  kingdoms  of  the  sovereigns,  were  the  gifts  to  court  favorites,  and  the 
prizes  of  royal  approval.  But  individual  intelligence  and  independent  conscience 
found  here  haven  and  refuge.  They  were  the  passengers  upon  the  caravals  of  Colum- 
bus, and  he  was  unconsciously  making  for  the  port  of  civil  and  religious  liberty. 
Thinkers,  who  believed  men  capable  of  higher  destinies  and  larger  responsibilities,  and 
pious  people  who  preferred  the  Bible  to  that  union  of  Church  and  State  where  each 
serves  the  other  for  the  temporal  benefit  of  both,  fled  to  these  distant  and  hospitable 
lands  from  intolerable  and  hopeless  oppression  at  home.  It  required  three  hundred 
years  for  the  people  thus  happily  situated  to  understand  their  own  powers  and 
resources,  and  to  break  bonds  which  were  still  reverenced  or  loved,  no  matter  how 
deeply  they  wounded,  or  how  hard  they  galled. 

The  nations  of  Europe  were  so  completely  absorbed  in  dynastic  difficulties  and 
devastating  wars  with  diplomacy  and  ambitions,  that  they  neither  heeded  nor  heard  of 
the  growing  democratic  spirit  and  intelligence  in  their  American  colonies.  To  them 
these  provinces  were  sources  of  revenue,  and  they  never  dreamed  that  they  were  also 
schools  of  liberty.  That  it  exhausted  three  centuries  under  the  most  favorable  condi- 
tions for  the  evolution  of  freedom  on  this  continent,  demonstrates  the  tremendous 
strength  of  custom  and  heredity  when  sanctioned  and  sanctified  by  religion.  The  very 
chains  which  fettered  became  inextricably  interwoven  with  the  habits  of  life,  the  asso- 
ciations of  childhood,  the  tenderest  ties  of  the  family  and  the  sacred  offices  of  the 
church  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave.  It  clearly  proves  that  if  the  people  of  the  Old 

180 


World  and  their  descendants  had  not  possessed  the  opportunites  afforded  by  the  new  for 
their  emancipation,  and  mankind  had  never  experienced  and  learned  the  American  ex- 
ample, instead  of  living  in  the  light  and  glory  of  the  nineteenth  century  conditions, 
they  would  still  be  struggling  with  mediaeval  problems. 

The  Northern  continent  was  divided  between  England,  France  and  Spain,  and  the 
Southern,  between  Spain  and  Portugal.  France,  wanting  the  capacity  for  colonization, 
which  still  characterizes  her,  gave  up  her  Western  possessions,  and  left  the  English, 
who  have  the  genius  of  universal  empire,  masters  of  North  America.  The  develop- 
ment of  the  experiment  in  the  English  domain  makes  this  day  memorable.  It  is  due 
to  the  wisdom  and  courage,  the  faith  and  virtue  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  territory  that 
government  of  the  people,  for  the  people  and  by  the  people  was  inaugurated  and  has 
become  a  triumphant  success.  The  Puritan  settled  in  New  England  and  the  cavalier 
in  the  South.  They  represented  the  opposites  of  spiritual  and  temporal  life  and  opin- 
ions. The  processes  of  liberty  liberalized  the  one  and  elevated  the  other.  Washing- 
ton and  Adams  were  the  new  types.  Their  union  in  a  common  cause  gave  the  world 
a  republic  both  stable  and  free.  It  possessed  conservatism  without  bigotry,  and  lib- 
erty without  license.  It  founded  institutions  strong  enough  to  resist  revolution  and 
elastic  enough  for  indefinite  expansion  to  meet  the  requirements  in  government  of  ever 
enlarging  areas  of  population  and  the  needs  of  progress  and  growth.  It  was  nurtured 
by  the  toleration  and  patriotism  which  bound  together  in  a  common  cause  the  Puritans 
of  New  England  and  the  Catholics  of  Maryland,  the  Dutch  Reformers  of  New  York 
and  the  Huguenots  of  South  Carolina,  the  Quakers  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  Episco- 
palions,  Methodists,  Presbyterians,  Baptists  and  religionists  of  all  and  opposite  opin- 
ions in  the  other  colonies. 

The  Mayflower,  with  the  Pilgrims,  and  a  Dutch  ship  laden  with  African  slaves 
were  on  the  ocean  at  the  same  time,  the  one  sailing  for  Massachusetts  and  the  other  for 
Virginia.  This  company  of  saints  and  the  first  cargo  of  slaves  represented  the  forces 
which  were  to  peril  and  rescue  free  government.  The  slaver  was  the  product  of  the 
commercial  spirit  of  great  Britain  and  the  greed  of  the  times  to  stimulate  produc- 
tion in  the  colonies.  The  men  who  wrote  in  the  cabin  of  the  Mayflower  the  first  char- 
ter of  freedom,  a  government  of  just  and  equal  laws,  were  a  little  band  of  Protestants, 
against  every  form  of  injustice  and  tyranny.  The  leaven  of  their  principles  made  pos- 
sible the  Declaration  of  Independence,  liberated  the  slaves  and  founded  free  common- 
wealths which  form  the  Republic  of  the  United  States. 

Platforms  of  principles,  by  petition,  or  protest,  or  statement,  have  been  as  fre- 
quent as  revolts  against  established  authority.  They  are  a  part  of  the  political  literature 
of  all  nations.  The  Declaration  of  Independence  proclaimed  at  Philadelphia,  July 
4th,  1776,  is  the  only  one  of  them  which  arrested  the  attention  of  the  world  when  it 
was  published,  and  has  held  its  undivided  interest  ever  since.  The  vocabulary  of  the 
equality  of  man  had  been  in  familiar  use  by  philosophers  and  statesmen  for  ages. 
It  expressed  noble  sentiments,  but  their  application  was  limited  to  classes  or  condi- 
tions. The  masses  cared  little  for  them  nor  remembered  them  long.  Jefferson's 
superb  crystallization  of  the  popular  opinion,  that  "all  men  are  created  equal, 
that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  inalienable  rights,  that  among 
these  are  life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness,"  had  its  force  and  effect  in 
being  the  deliberate  utterance  of  the  people.  It  swept  away  in  a  single  sentence 
kings  and  nobles,  peers  and  prelates.  It  was  Magna  Charta,  and  the  Petition  of  Rights 
planted  in  the  virgin  soil  of  the  American  wilderness  and  bearing  richer  and  riper 

191 


fruit.  Under  its  vitalizing  influence  upon  the  individual,  the  farmer  left  his  plow  in 
the  furrow,  the  lawyer  his  books  and  briefs,  the  merchant  his  shop,  and  the  workman 
his  bench,  to  enlist  in  the  patriot  army.  They  were  fighting  for  themselves  and  their 
children.  They  embodied  the  idea  in  their  constitution,  in  the  immortal  words  with 
which  that  great  instrument  of  liberty  and  order  began : 

"We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  do  ordain." 

The  scope  and  limitations  of  this  idea  of  freedom  have  been  neither  misinter- 
preted nor  misunderstood.  The  laws  of  nature  in  their  application  to  the  rise  and 
recognition  of  men  according  to  their  mental,  moral,  spiritual  and  physical  endow- 
ments are  left  undisturbed.  But  the  accident  of  birth  gives  no  rank  and  confers  no 
privilege.  Equal  rights  and  common  opportunity  for  all  have  been  the  spurs  of  ambi- 
tion, and  the  motors  of  progress.  They  have  established  the  common  schools,  and 
built  the  public  libraries.  A  sovereign  people  have  learned  and  enforced  the  lesson  of 
free  education.  The  practice  of  government  is  itself  a  liberal  education.  People  who 
make  their  own  laws  need  no  law-givers.  After  a  century  of  successful  trial,  the 
system  has  passed  the  period  of  experiment,  and  its  demonstrated  permanency  and 
power  are  revolutionizing  the  governments  of  the  world.  It  has  raised  the  largest 
armies  of  modern  times  for  self-preservation,  and  at  the  successful  termination  of  the 
war,  returned  the  soldiers  to  pursuits  of  peace.  It  has  so  adjusted  itself  to  the  pride 
and  patriotism  of  the  defeated,  that  they  vie  with  the  victors  in  their  support  and 
enthusiasm  for  the  old  flag  and  our  common  country.  Imported  anarchists  have 
preached  their  baleful  doctrines,  but  have  made  no  converts.  They  have  tried  to 
inaugurate  a  reign  of  terror  under  the  banner  of  violent  seizure  and  distribution  of 

™  o 

property  only  to  be  defeated,  imprisoned  and  executed  by  the  law  made  by  the  people 
and  enforced  by  juries  selected  from  the  people,  and  judges  and  prosecuting  officers 
elected  by  the  people.  Socialism  finds  disciples  only  among  those  who  were  its  votar- 
ies before  they  were  forced  to  fly  from  their  native  land,  but  it  does  not  take  root 
upon  American  soil.  The  State  neither  supports  nor  permits  taxation  to  maintain  the 
Church.  The  citizen  can  worship  God  according  to  his  belief  and  conscience,  or  he 
may  neither  reverence  or  recognize  the  Almighty.  And  yet  religion  has  flourished, 
churches  abound,  the  ministry  is  sustained,  and  millions  of  dollars  are  contributed 
annually  for  the  evangelization  of  the  world.  The  United  States  is  a  Christian  country 
and  a  living  and  practical  Christianity  is  the  characteristic  of  its  people. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  philosopher  and  patriot,  amused  the  jaded  courtiers  of  Louis 
XVI.  by  his  talks  about  liberty,  and  entertained  the  scientists  of  France  by  bringing 
lightning  from  the  clouds.  In  the  reckoning  of  time,  the  period  from  Franklin  to  Morse, 
and  from  Morse  to  Edison  is  but  a  span,  and  yet  it  marks  a  material  development  as 
marvellous  as  it  has  been  beneficient.  The  world  has  been  brought  into  contact  and  sym- 
pathy. The  electric  current  thrills  and  unifies  the  people  of  the  globe.  Power  and 
production,  highways  and  transports  have  been  so  multiplied  and  improved  by  inven- 
tive genius,  that  within  the  century  of  our  independence  sixty- four  millions  of  people 
have  happy  homes  and  improved  conditions  within  our  borders.  We  have  accumulated 
wealth  far  beyond  the  visions  of  the  Cathay  of  Columbus  or  the  El  Dorado  of  DeSoto. 
But  the  farmers  and  freeholders,  the  savings  banks  and  shops  illustrate  its  universal 
distribution.  The  majority  are  its  possessors  and  its  administrators.  In  housing  and 
living,  in  the  elements  which  make  the  toiler  a  self-respecting  and  respected  citizen,  in 
avenues  of  hope  and  ambition  for  children,  in  all  that  gives  broader  scope  and  keener 
pleasure  to  existence,  the  people  of  this  Republic  enjoy  advantages  far  beyond  those 

182 


of  other  lands.  The  unequaled  and  phenomenal  progress  of  the  country  has2  opened 
wonderful  opportunities  for  making  f(  rtunes,  and  stimulated  to  madness  the  desire  and 
rush  for  the  accumulation  of  money.  Material  prosperity  has  not  debased  literature 
nor  debauched  the  press  ;  it  has  neither  paralyzed  nor  repressed  intellectual  activity. 
American  science  and  letters  have  received  rank  and  recognition  in  the  older  centers  of 
learning.  The  demand  for  higher  education  has  so  taxed  the  resources  of  the  ancient 
universities,  as  to  compel  the  foundation  and  liberal  endowment  of  colleges  all  over  the 
Union.  Journals,  remarkable  for  their  ability,  independence  and  power,  find  their 
strength,  not  in  the  patronage  of  government  or  the  subsidies  of'  wealth,  but  in  the 
support  of  a  nation  of  newspaper  readers.  The  humblest  and  poorest  person  has  in 
periodicals  whose  price  is  counted  in  pennies,  a  library  larger,  fuller  and  more 
varied  than  was  within  reach  of  the  rich  in  the  time  of  Columbus. 

The  sum  of  human  happiness  has  been  infinitely  increased  by  the  millions  from  the 
Old  World  who  have  improved  their  conditions  in  the  New,  and  the  returning  tide  of 
lesson  and  experience  has  incalculably  enriched  the  Fatherlands.  The  divine  right  of 
kings  has  taken  its  place  with  the  instruments  of  mediaeval  torture  among  the  curiosities 
of  the  antiquary.  Only  the  shadow  of  kingly  authority  stands  between  the  govern- 
ment of  themselves,  by  themselves,  and  the  people  of  Norway  and  Sweden.  The  union 
in  one  Empire  of  the  States  of  Germany  is  the  symbol  of  Teutonic  power,  and  the  hope  of 
German  liberalism.  The  petty  despotisms  of  Italy  have  been  merged  into  a  nationality 
which  has  centralized  its  authority  in  its  ancient  capitol  on  the  hills  of  Rome.  France 
was  rudely  roused  from  the  sullen  submission  of  centuries  to  intolerable  tyranny  by  her 
soldiers  returning  from  service  in  the  American  revolution.  The  wild  orgies  of  the  Reign  of 
Terror  were  the  revenges  and  excesses  of  a  people  who  had  discovered  their  power,  but 
were  not  prepared  for  its  beneficient  use.  She  fled  from  herself  into  the  arms  of 
Napoleon.  He  too  was  a  product  of  the  American  experiment.  He  played  wrth  kings 
as  with  toys,  and  educated  France  for  liberty.  In  the  processes  of  her  evolution  from 
darkness  to  light,  she  tried  Bourbon,  and  Orleanist  and  the  Third  Napoleon  and  cast 
them  aside.  Now  in  the  fullness  of  time,  and  through  the  training  in  the  school  of 
hardest  experience,  the  French  people  have  reared  and  enjoy  a  permanent  Republic. 
England  of  the  Mayflower,  and  of  James  the  Second,  England  of  George  the  Third  and 
of  Lord  North,  has  enlarged  suffrage,  and  is  to-day  animated  and  governed  by  the 
democratic  spirit.  She  has  her  throne,  admirably  occupied  by  one  of  the  wisest  of 
sovereigns  and  best  of  women,  but  it  would  not  survive  one  dissolute  and  unworthy 
successor.  She  has  her  hereditary  Peers,  but  the  House  of  Lords  will  be  brushed  aside 
the  moment  it  resists  the  will  of  the  people. 

The  time  has  arrived  for  both  closer  union  and  greater  distance  between  the 
Old  World  and  the  New.  The  former  indiscriminate  welcome  to  our  prairies  and  the 
present  invitation  to  these  palaces  of  art  and  industry,  mark  the  passing  period. 
Unwatched  and  unhealthy  immigration  can  no  longer  be  permitted  to  our  shores.  We 
must  have  a  national  quarantine  against  disease,  pauperism  and  crime.  We  do  not 
want  candidates  for  our  hospitals,  our  poor-houses,  or  our  jails.  We  cannot  admit  those 
who  come  to  undermine  our  institutions,  and  subvert  our  laws.  But  we  will  gladly 
throw  wide  our  gates  for,  and  receive  with  open  arms,  those  who  by  intelligence  and 
virtue,  by  thrift  and  loyalty,  are  worthy  of  receiving  the  equal  advantages  of  the 
priceless  gift  of  American  citizenship.  The  spirit  and  object  of  this  Exhibition  are 
peace  and  kinship. 

Three  millions  of  Germans,  who  are  among  the  best  citizens  of  the  Republic,  send 
greeting  to  the  Fatherland  their  pride  in  its  glorious  history,  its  ripe  literature,  its 

183 


traditions  and  associations.  Irish,  equal  in  number  to  those  who  still  remain  upon  the 
Emerald  Isle,  who  have  illustrated  their  devotion  to  their  adopted  country  on  many  a 
battlefield  fighting  for  the  Union  and  its  perpetuity,  have  rather  intensified  than 
diminished  their  love  for  the  land  of  the  shamrock,  and  their  sympathy  with  the  aspi- 
rations of  their  brethren  at  home.  The  Italian,  the  Spaniard  and  the  Frenchman,  the 
Norwegian,  the  Swede  and  the  Dane,  the  English,  the  Scotch  and  the  Welsh,  are  none 
the  less  loyal  and  devoted  Americans,  because  in  this  congress  of  their  kin,  the  ten- 
drils of  affection  draw  them  closer  to  the  hills  and  valleys,  the  legends  and  the  loves 
associated  with  their  youth. 

Edmund  Burke,  speaking  in  the  British  Parliament  with  prophetic  voice,  said  :  "  A 
great  revolution  has  happened — a  revolution  made,  not  by  chopping  and  changing  of 
power  in  any  of  the  existing  States,  but  by  the  appearance  of  a  new  State,  of  a  new 
species  in  a  new  part  of  the  globe.  It  has  made  as  great  a  change  in  all  the  relations 
and  balances  and  gravitations  of  power  as  the  appearance  of  a  new  planet  would  in  the  sys- 
tem of  the  Solar  world."  Thus  was  the  humiliation  of  our  successful  revolt  tempered 
in  the  Motherland  by  pride  in  the  State  created  by  her  children.  If  we  claim  heritage 
in  Bacon,  Shakespeare  and  Milton,  we  also  acknowledge  that  it  was  for  liberties  guar- 
anteed Englishmen  by  sacred  charters,  our  fathers  triumphantly  fought.  While  wisely 
rejecting  throne  and  caste  and  privilege  and  an  established  church  in  their  new-born 
State,  they  adopted  the  substance  of  English  liberty  and  the  body  of  English  law. 
Closer  relations  than  with  other  lands  and  a  common  language  rendering  easy  inter- 
changes of  criticisms  and  epithet,  sometimes  irritate  and  offend,  but  the  heart  of  Eepub- 
lican  America  beats  with  responsive  pulsations  to  the  hopes  and  aspirations  of  the  people 
of  Great  Britain. 

The  grandeur  and  beauty  of  this  spectacle  are  the  eloquent  witnesses  of  peace  and  pro- 
gress. The  Parthenon  and  the  Cathedral  exhausted  the  genius  of  the  ancient,  and  the  skill 
of  the  mediaeval  architects  in  housing  the  statue  or  spirit  of  Deity.  In  their  ruins  or  their 
antiquity  they  are  mute  protests  against  the  merciless  enmity  of  nations,  which  forced 
art  to  flee  to  the  altar  for  protection.  The  United  States  welcome  the  sister  republics 
of  the  southern  and  northern  continents,  and  the  nations  and  peoples  of  Europe  and 
Asia,  of  Africa  and  Australia,  with  the  products  of  their  lands,  of  their  skill  and  of  their 
industry  to  this  city  of  yesterday,  yet  clothed  with  royal  splendor,  as  the  Queen  of  the 
Great  Lakes.  The  artists  and  architects  of  the  country  have  been  bidden  to  design  and 
erect  the  buildings  which  shall  fitly  illustrate  the  height  of  our  civilization  and  the 
breadth  of  our  hospitality.  The  peace  of  the  world  permits  and  protects  their  efforts 
in  utilizing  their  powers  for  man's  temporal  welfare.  The  result  is  this  park  of  palaces. 
The  originality  and  boldness  of  their  conceptions,  and  the  magnitude  and  harmony  of 
their  creations  are  the  contributions  of  America  to  the  oldest  of  the  arts  and  the  cordial 
bidding  of  America  to  the  peoples  of  the  earth  to  come  and  bring  the  fruitage  of  their 
age  to  the  boundless  opportunities  of  this  unparalled  exhibition. 

If  interest  in  the  affairs  of  this  world  are  vouchsafed  to  those  who  have  gone  be- 
fore, the  spirit  of  Columbus  hovers  over  us  to-day.  Only  by  celestial  intelligence  can 
it  grasp  the  full  significance  of  this  spectacle  and  ceremonial. 

From  the  first  century  to  the  fifteenth  counts  for  little  in  the  history  of  progress, 
but  in  the  period  between  the  fifteenth  and  the  twentieth  is  crowded  the  romance  and 
reality  of  human  development.  Life  has  been  prolonged  and  its  enjoyment  intensified. 
The  powers  of  air  and  water,  the  resistless  forces  of  the  elements,  which,  in  the  time 
of  the  discoverer,  were  the  visible  terrors  of  the  wrath  of  God,  have  been  subdued  to  the 

184 


•service  of  man.  Art  and  luxuries  which  could  be  possessed  and  enjoyed  only  by  the  rich 
and  noble ;  the  works  of  genius,  which  were  read  and  understood  only  by  the  learned  few ; 
domestic  comforts  and  surroundings  beyound  the  reach  of  lord  or  bishop,  now  adorn 
and  illumine  the  homes  of  our  citizens.  Serfs  are  sovereigns  and  the  people  are 
kings.  The  trophies  and  splendors  of  their  reign  are  commonwealths,  rich  in  every 
attribute  of  great  States,  and  united  in  a  republic  whose  power  and  prosperity  and  lib- 
erty and  enlightenment  are  the  wonder  and  admiration  of  the  world. 

All  hail  Columbus,  discoverer,  dreamer,  hero  and  apostle.  We  here,  of  every  race 
and  country,  recognize  the  horizon  which  bounded  his  vision  and  the  infinite  scope  of 
his  genius.  The  voice  of  gratitude  and  praise  for  all  the  blessings  which  have  been 
showered  upon  mankind  by  his  adventure  is  limited  to  no  language,  but  is  uttered  in 
every  tongue.  Neither  marble  nor  brass  can  fitly  form  his  statue.  Continents  are  his 
monument,  and  unnumbered  millions,  present  and  to  come,  who  enjoy  in  their 
liberties  and  their  happiness  the  fruits  of  his  faith  will  reverently  guard  and  preserve, 
from  century  to  century,  his  name  and  fame. 


MRS.  EDWIN   BURLEIGH,       MRS.  LAURA  P.  COLEMAN,      MRS.  RUSSELL  B.  HARRISON,        MRS.  R.  B.  MITCHELL, 
Maine.  Colorado.  Montana.  Kansas. 


185 


PRflYER 

BY 

HIS  EMINENCE  CAKDINAL  GIBBONS, 

ARCHBISHOP    OF    BALTIMORE. 


WE  are  Assembled,  O  Lord,  in  Thy  name  to  celebrate  with   grateful  homage 
the  four  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  this  Continent.     We 
adore  Thy  wisdom  in  choosing  for  this  providential  mission,   Thy  servant 
Columbus  who  united  to  the  skill  and  daring  of  a  navigator,  the  zeal  of  an  apostle,  and 
who  was  not  only  impelled  by  the  desire  of  enriching  his  sovereign  with  the  wealth  of 
new  dominions,  but  was  inspired  with  the  sublime   ambition  of  carrying  the  light 
of  the  Glospel  to  the   people  buried  in  the  darkness  of  idolatry. 

Whilst  the  land  which  gave  birth  to  Columbus,  and  the  land  from  which  he  set 
forth  on  his  voyage  of  exploration  through  hitherto  unknown  seas,  are  resounding  with 
divine  praise,  it  is  meet  and  just  that  we  give  special  thanks  to  Thee,  since  we  have  a 
share  -in  that  earthly  heritage  which  his  indomitable  spirit  purchased  for  us  and  for 
thousands  unnumbered  of  the  human  family.  For  where  blessings  abound,  gratitude 
should  superabound  ;  and  if  Columbus  poured  forth  hymns  of  thanksgiving  to  Thee 
when  a  new  world  first  dawned  upon  his  vision,  though,  like  Israel's  Leader,  he  was 
not  destined  to  abide  in  the  promised  land,  how  much  greater  should  be  our  sense  of 
devout  gratitude  since,  like  the  children  of  Israel,  we  enjoy  the  fruit  of  his  victory. 

f  But  not  for  this  earthly  inheritance  alone,  do  we  thank  Thee,  but  still  more  for 
the  precious  boon  of  constitutional  freedom  which  we  possess  ;  for,  even  this  favored 
land  of  ours,  would  be  to  us  a  dry  and  barren  waste  if  it  were  not  moistened  by  the 
dew  of  liberty.  We  humbly  implore  Thee  to  continue  to  bless  our  Country  and  her 
cherished  institutions,  and  we  solemnly  promise  to-day  in  this  vast  assembly  and  in 
the  name  of  our  fellow-citizens  to  exert  all  our  energies  in  preserving  this  legacy  un- 
impaired, and  to  transmit  it  as  a  priceless  heirloom  to  succeeding  generations. 

We  pray  Thee,  0  Grod  of  might,  wisdom  and  justice  through  whom  authority  is 
rightly  administered,  laws  are  enacted  and  judgment  decreed,  to  assist  with  Thy  Holy 
Spirit  of  counsel  and  fortitude,  the  President  of  these  United  States,  that  his  adminis- 
tration may  be  conducted  in  righteousness  and  be  eminently  useful  to  Thy  people  over 
whom  he  presides,  by  encouraging  due  respect  for  virtue  and  religion,  and  by  a  faithful 
execution  of  the  laws  in  justice  and  mercy. 

Vouchsafe,  0  Lord,  to  bless  the  labors  of  the  President  and  Directors  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  that  it  may  redound  to  the  increased  prosperity  and 
development  of  this  young  and  flourishing  Metropolis.  May  the  new  life  and  growth 
which  it  will  impart  to  this  throbbing  center  of  trade,  pulsate  and  be  felt  even  to  the 
farthest  extremity  of  the  land,  and  may  the  many  streams  of  industry  converging 
from  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  flow  back  with  increased  abundance  into  every  artery 
of  the  commercial  world.  May  this  International  Exposition  contribute  to  the  pro- 
motion of  the  liberal  arts,  science,  useful  knowledge  and  industrial  pursuits. 

186 


As  1,900  years  ago  men  assembled  in  Jerusalem  from  various  portions  of  the  old 
World,  to  hear  from  the  lips  of  Thy  Apostles  " The  wonderful  works  of  God,"  so 
shall  we  soon  behold  men  assembled  here  from  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australia, 
from  the  Islands  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific,  as  well  as  from  all  parts  of  the 
American  Continent,  to  contemplate  the  wonderful  works  of  man — of  man  created  to 
Thine  image  and  likeness — of  man  endowed  with  Divine  intelligence — of  man,  the 
productions  of  whose  genius  manifest  Thy  wisdom  and  creative  power  not  less  clearly 
than  ' '  The  Heavens  which  declare  Thy  glory,  and  the  firmament  which  showeth  forth 
the  works  of  Thy  hand. "  And  as  every  contemplative  being  and  student  of  nature 
"finds  tongues  in  trees,  books  in  the  running  brooks,  and  sermons  in  stones,"  and 
rises  from  nature  to  nature's  God  ;  so  will  he  devoutly  rise  from  the  contemplation  of 
these  works  of  human  skill  to  the  admiration  of  Thee,  the  Uncreated  Architect.  For 
every  artist  and  man  of  genius  who  will  exhibit  his  works  within  these  enclosures, 
must  say  with  the  Royal  Prophet  "Thy  hands,  0  God,  have  made  and  fashioned  me," 
and  with  Bezaleel,  who  framed  the  Ancient  Tabernacle,  he  must  confess  that  Thy 
spirit  enlightened  his  understanding  and  guided  his  hand. 

Grant,  0  Lord,  that  this  pacific  reunion  of  the  world's  representatives  may  be 
instrumental  in  binding  together  in  closer  ties  of  friendship  and  brotherly  love  all  the 
Empires  and  Commonwealths  of  the  Globe.  May  it  help  to  break  down  the  wall  of 
dissension  and  jealousy  that  divides  race  from  race,  nation  from  nation,  and  people 
from  people,  by  proclaiming  the  sublime  lesson  of  the  Fatherhood  of  God  and  the 
Brotherhood  of  Christ.  May  the  good  will  and  fellowship  which  will  be  fostered  in 
this  hospitable  city  among  the  delegates  of  the  powers,  be  extended  to  the  govern- 
ments which  they  will  represent.  May  the  family  of  nations  become  so  closely  identi- 
fied in  their  interests  by  social  and  commercial  relations,  that  when  one  nation  is 
visited  by  any  public  calamity,  all  the  others  will  be  aroused  to  sympathy,  and  be 
ready,  if  necessary,  to  stretch  out  a  helping  hand  to  the  suffering  member. 

Arise,  0  God,  in  Thy  might,  and  hasten  the  day  when  the  reign  of  the  Prince  of 
Peace  will  be  firmly  established  on  the  earth,  when  the  spirit  of  the  Gospel  will  so  far 
sway  the  minds  and  hearts  of  rulers,  that  the  clash  of  war  will  be  silenced  forever,  by 
the  cheerful  hum  of  industry,  that  standing  armies  will  surrender  to  permanent  courts 
of  arbitration,  that  contests  will  be  carried  on  in  the  cabinet  instead  of  the  battle-field, 
and  decided  by  the  pen  instead  of  the  sword. 

Finally,  we  pray  that  under  Thy  superintending  Providence,  that  ' '  reacheth  from 
end  to  end  mightily  and  ordereth  all  things  sweetly  "  this  Columbian  Exposition,  like 
the  voyage  of  Columbus,  may  result  in  accomplishing  a  divine,  as  well  as  a  human 
mission.  May  it  exert  a  wholesome  influence  on  the  moral  and  religious,  as  well  as  on 
the  social  and  material  world.  May  it  promote  the  glory  of  God,  as  well  as  the  peace 
and  temporal  prosperity  of  man.  May  it  redound  to  the  development  of  Christian 
faith  and  Christian  principles,  and  may  commerce  in  her  queenly  and  triumphant 
progress  throughout  the  world,  be,  at  the  same  time,  the  handmaid  of  religion  and  of 
Christian  civilization  to  the  nations  of  the  earth. 


187 


BE>NEDIGTION. 


REV. HENRY  CHRISTOPHER  McCOOK,  D.  D.,  BISHOP  OP  TABERNACLE 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH,  PHILADELPHIA. 

In  the  name  of  the  Father,    Son  and  Holy  Ghost,   I  invoke  and  pronounce  the 
Divine  Benediction  upon  this  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  upon  its  officers,  man 
agers,  nations  and  promoters.       And  may  the  grace  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  the 
love  of  God  and  the  Communion  of  the  Holy  Ghost  be  with  you  and  abide  upon  you  all 
now  and  forever  more.       Amen. 


MRS.     CHAS.     HENROTIN. 


188 


FIREWORKS     ON     THE     LAKE. 

189 


190 


JUDGED  by  comparison,  relatively  or  otherwise,  the  importance  of  the  Ferris 
Wheel  as  an  attraction  at  the  World's  Fair  is  equaled  only  by  the  great 
aggregate  of  the  Fair  itself.  Certainly  there  is  no  other  single  enterprise 
or  place  of  resort  in  Midway  Plaisance  or  on  the  grounds  proper  that  approaches, 
either  in  patronage  extended  or  in  wonderment  excited,  this  novel  and  unusual 
achievement  in  modern  engineering  skill.  Its  superior  excellence  as  a  conception 
of  the  human  brain  has  been  acknowledged  by  the  greatest  thinkers  of  all  the 
world's  continents,  and  Mr.  Ferris  has  been  placed  upon  such  a  pinnacle,  that 
when  the  future  historian  comes  to  survey  the  character  of  his  work,  he  will  find 
it  rising  above  the  undulating  plains  of  humanity  like  a  huge  mountain  in  the 
desert,  and  like  the  orbs  of  those  who  walk  in  the  Midway,  he  will  have  to  lift  his 
eyes  high  toward  heaven  to  catch  its  summit.  It  is  such  a  masterful  stroke  of 
genius,  so  carefully  conceived,  and  so  successfully  executed,  that  intelligence, 
viewing  the  creation  from  any  standpoint,  must  do  it  homage.  Mr.  Ferris' 
fellow  craftsmen  are  no  less  enthusiastic  in  their  encomiums  than  is  the  general 
public,  and  the  work  must  stand  the  triumph  of  merit  stamped  with  universal 
plaudits. 

Mr.  Ferris  is  yet  a  very  young  man,  being  only  thirty-six  years  of  age,  but 
he  has  crowded  into  a  half  year  the  work  of  a  lifetime.  He  was  born  in  Gales- 
burg,  Illinois,  February  14,  1859.  He  is  a  gentleman  of  education  and  refine- 
ment, with  the  rarest  social  gifts,  and  more  friends  than  a  statesman.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  California  Military  Academy,  at  Oakland,  as  a  captain,  but 
chose  active  work  in  the  engineering  field.  His  success  has  been  a  gradual  rising 
until  up  to  the  time  of  his  observation  wheel  for  the  World's  Fair,  he  was  at 
the  head  of  the  largest  bridge  building  establishment  in  the  world,  located  at 
Pittsburgh.  Of  course,  he  is  well  provided  for  in  fortune,  but  in  nowise  does  he 
suggest  evidence  of  this  fact.  His  lovable  nature  endears  him  to  everybody, 
and  no  one  ever  asked  aid  at  his  hands  which  he  did  not  grant,  if  in  his  power. 
Mr.  Ferris  had  many  discouragements  in  carrying  out  the  great  wheel  project,  it 
having  met  with  poor  favor  from  experts  all  over  America  and  Europe,  and  it 
was  on  the  verge  of  abandonment  many  times.  During  all  of  the  vicissitudes 
and  struggles,  overcoming  obstacles  that  would  get  in  the  way  of  the  successful 
accomplishment  of  the  great  work,.  Mr.  Ferris  received  from  his  wife  valuable 
counsel  and  assistance,  which  he  invariably  profited  by  and  which  he  graciously 
acknowledges. 

Briefly,  the  Ferris  Wheel  Company  was  granted  the  concession  of  placing 
the  wheel  in  the  Midway  Plaisance  only  after  $25,000  had  been  spent  on  the 
plans  and  specifications,  and  not  until  as  late  as  December,  1892.  In  January 
the  pig  iron  had  not  been  made  molten.  March  20,  1893,  the  scaffolding  for  its 
erection  was  begun,  and  June  21,  in  the  presence  of  5,000  invited  spectators,  the 
immense  circle  was  set  in  motion. 

It  is  owned  by  the  Ferris  Wheel  Company,  which  has  a  capitalized  stock  of 
$600,000.  Bonds  to  the  amount  of  $300,000  have  been  sold.  By  the  terms  of 

191 


the  concession,  one-half  of  the  receipts,  after  they  have  repaid  the  cost  of  the 
wheel,  are  to  go  to  the  Exposition  fund,  up  to  the  amount  of  $400, 000. 

The  wheel  hangs  on  an  axle  33  inches  in  diameter  and  45  feet  long,  and  of 
70  tons  weight,  and  consists  of  practically  two  wheels,  each  having  two  outer 
crowns,  one  of  which  is  5.0  feet  nearer  the  axle,  made  of  curved  steel  beams  25^- 
by  19  inches.  These  stiff  crowns  are  suspended  from  the  axle  by  long  rods  2£ 


THE     FERRIS    WHEEL. 


inches  in  diameter,  and  are  held  in  place  by  cross  rods  of  the  same  size,  and  gives 
the  appearance  of  a  huge  spider  web,  and  is  a  grand  sight,  especially  at  night 
when  the  3,000  incandescent"  electric  lights  in  it  are  lighted. 

The  axle  is  supported  by  two  towers  of  steel,  pyramidal  in  shape,  150  feet  in 
height,  6  feet  square  at  the  top,  40  by  50  feet  at  the  bottom,  each  having  four 

192 


legs  firmly  anchored  into  a  foundation  20  by  20  by  20  feet,  composed  of  concrete, 
which  reposes  solidly  upon  30-foot  piles  capped  by  heavy  timbers,  so  that  the 
foundation  is  practically  50  feet  deep.  The  wheel  revolves  east  and  west,  and  is 
so  braced  and  anchored  as  to  be  able  to  resist  a  wind -of  100  miles  an  hour 
velocity. 

Thirty-six  cars  are  suspended  from  the  wheel.  The  cars  are  27  feet  long,  13 
feet  wide  and  9  feet  high,  and  are  hung  at  equal  distances  around  the  wheel  on  a 
steel  pin  6^-  inches  in  diameter,  passing  through  the  roof  of  the  coach  to  each  side 
of  the  outer  rim.  The  frames  are  of  steel,  covered  with  wood,  and  the  occupants 
can  look  in  any  direction  through  the  windows,  of  which  there  are  five  on  each 
side,  consisting  of  large  panes  of  plate  glass,  which  can  be  lowered  at  will,  each 
guarded  by  an  iron  grating  intended  to  prevent  people  from  falling  out. 

Forty  chairs  of  fancy  twisted  steel,  screwed  to  the  floor,  constitute  the  seat- 
ing accommodations  of  each  car,  which  weighs,  without  occupants,  13  tons.  The 
carrying  capacity  of  all  the  cars  is  1,440  passengers.  When  loaded  the  entire 
weight  of  the  structure  is  estimated  at  1,500  tons. 

One  revolution  of  this  wheel  is  made  in  about  ten  minutes,  and  there  are  two 
revolutions  for  a  ride.  There  are  six  stops  to  every  revolution,  which  permits  the 
emptying  and  filling  of  six  cars  from  twelve  raised  platforms,  six  on  each  side,  for 
ingress  and  egress. 

The  motive  power  of  the  wheel  is  a  thousand  horse-power  engine,  sunk  four 
feet  under  the  ground  of  the  east  half  of  the  structure.  This  engine  revolves 
four  huge  sprocket  wheels,  around  which  run  two  endless  chains,  the  links  of 
which  engage  in  huge  cogs  on  the  outer  rim  or  periphery,  on  each  side  of  the 
wheel  itself,  thus  turning  it,  and  with  the  assistance  of  very  powerful  air  brakes 
the  wheel  is  absolutely  under  the  control  of  the  engineer. 


G.     W.     G.     FERRIS,     Engineer, 
Designer  of  the   Ferris  Wheel. 

193 


HARLOW    N.    HIGINBOTHAM, 
President  World's   Columbian    Exposition. 


194 


OF   THE 

WORLD'S  CONGRESS  AUXILIARY. 
FRIDRY  EVENING,  OCTOBER  21,  1892. 


THE  interesting  and  impressive  inaugural  ceremonies  at  the  Auditorium  Friday, 
October,  21st,   1892.  were  witnessed  by  over  five  thousand  invited  guests. 
Distinguished  men  and  women  from  all  parts  of  the  world  were  present,  and 
the  interest  manifested  by  them  was  evidence  that  the  great  work  of  the  Congress  had 
been  thoroughly  inaugurated. 

Mr.  Clarence  Eddy  rendered  on  the  great  organ  a  Festival  Overture,  on  the  choral, 
"  A  Strong  Castle  is  Our  Lord  " — Nicolai-Liszt. 

Honorable  C.  C.  Bonney  then  called  the  assemblage  to  order  and  said:  "The  Rev. 
Dr.  John  Henry  Barrows,  Chairman  of  the  General  Committee  of  the  World's  Congress 
Auxiliary  on  Religious  Congresses,  will  invoke  the  Divine  blessing."  Dr.  Barrows  then 
pronounced  the  following  invocation  : 

"0  God,  our  Heavenly  Father,  in  adoration  and  joyful  thanksgiving,  we  bow  before 
Thee,  the  Creator  of  all  things,  the  holy  and  loving  Ruler  of  mankind,  the  Author  of 
every  personal  and  National  blessing.  Thou  hast  spoken  to  us  from  the  starry 
heavens.  The  earth  is  Thy  handiwork,  and  Thy  paths  are  in  the  great  deep.  Mar- 
velous are  Thy  ways,  and  glorious  are  the  manifestations  of  Thy  wisdom,  and  patience, 
and  mercy  in  the  unfolding  history  of  the  world.  At  the  close  of  this  great 
day  of  commemoration,  assembled  before  Thee,  we  recall  the  gracious  gifts  of  Thy 
divine  goodness.  We  praise  Thee  for  the  discoverer  of  this  Western  Continent, 
whose  brave  heart  was  eager  to  add  new  realms  to  the  Empire  of  the  Cross.  We 
praise  Thee  for  the  pilgrim  fathers,  for  the  founders  of  colonies,  for  the  builders  of 
churches  and  colleges,  and  for  all  the  makers  of  the  republic.  We  confess  our  sad  and 
frequent  failures  to  do  Thy  will,  our  grievous  lapses  from  Thy  law,  but  Thou  hast 
answered  the  prayers  of  the  faithful,  and  through  Thee  our  beloved  land  has  been 
given  a  pre-eminent  prosperity.  And  to-night  we  thank  Thee  for  the  growing  unity  of 
mankind  and  the  increasing  fraternity  of  nations.  We  praise  Thee  for  the  victories 
in  which  all  have  shared,  for  the  achievements  of  commerce  and  art  and  science,  for 
the  progress  of  learning,  for  the  ministry  of  music,  and  for  the  consolation  of  religion. 
Thou  art  teaching  us  lessons  of  trust  in  Thy  Providence,  and  a  broader  fellowship  and 
deeper  love  one  to  another.  And  now  we  thank  Thee  for  the  wisdom  and  foresight 
given  to  him,  the  president  of  these  Congresses,  who,  seeing  this  great  opportunity, 
has  planned  and  directed  the  series  of  World's  Congresses,  which  will  gather  to  our  city 
the  scholars  ot  many  lands.  Continue  to  him  Thy  special  guidance  and  help  in  all 
this  noble  undertaking  which  Thou  art  crowning  with  Thy  peculiar  favor.  And  grant 
Thy  wisdom  to  the  hundreds  of  earnest  men  and  women  assembled  here,  who  have  in 
their  immediate  charge  the  Congresses  of  the  coming  year,  giving  to  their  efforts  the 
noblest  success ;  and  to  those  who  from  other  continents  shall  come  to  share  with  us  in 

195 


the  joy  of  these  festivals  of  peace,  may  Thy  peculiar  favor  be  granted,  and  let  our 
assembling  to-night  fill  and  fire  our  hearts  with  a  new  sense  of  the  brotherhood  of 
humanity.  Wilt  Thou  grant,  O  God  our  Father,  that  Thy  servant  who  shall  speak  to 
us  may  be  graciously  uplifted  in  heart  and  mind  by  Thy  Holy  Spirit,  as  he  leads  our 
thoughts  to  wider  horizons  of  vision  and  of  faith,  and  not  only  to-night,  but  in  all  the 
great  work  to  which  Thou  hast  called  him,  may  he  continue  to  manifest  the  highest 
spirit  of  the  Christian  and  of  the  citizen.  We  pray  that  Thy  blessing  may  be  richly 
given  to  all  the  representatives  of  our  National  Government,  and  to  those  who  come 
from  the  different  commonwealths  of  the  Republic  and  are  gathered  with  us  at  this 
hour,  and  to  the  officers  of  the  Columbian  Exposition.  Unite  us  all  in  a  glorious  com- 
monwealth of  love  and  loyalty  and  National  aspiration.  And  may  Thy  favor  be  shown 
unto  Thy  servant,  the  Vice-President  ot  our  Country,  and  give  Thine  especial  grace  to 
our  beloved  Chief  Magistrate,  whose  sorrow  is  our  grief.  0  Ruler  of  Nations,  Thou  art 
the  Redeemer  and  Comforter.  We  put  our  confidence  in  Thee,  and  look  forward  to 
that  blessed  City  on  High,  where  the  hand  of  our  Father  shall  wipe  away  all  our  tears. 

And  now,  0  God,  grant  that,  not  only  upon  us,  who  dwell  in  this  land,  but  also 
upon  the  representatives  of  other  Nations  assembled  with  us,  Thy  favor  may  descend. 
Let  Thy  blessing  be  with  the  rulers  of  the  earth,  with  the  beloved  Queen  of  Great 
Britain,  and  Empress  of  India,  with  the  President  of  the  French  Republic,  with 
the  Emperors  of  Germany  and  Russia,  of  China  and  Japan,  with  the 
Rulers  of  Spain  and  Italy,  with  the  Monarchs  who  represent  the  faith  of  Islam,  and 
with  the  presidents  of  all  the  American  Republics,  and  with  those  who  rule  in  the 
Dominion  of  Canada,  and  with  all  their  people,  and  may  the  movement  which  we 
inaugurate  to-night  hasten  the  time  when  the  Nations  shall  no  more  learn  the  arts  of 
war,  when  fraternity  and  kindliness  and  true  toleration  shall  everywhere  prevail,  when 
liberty  shall  be  universal,  and  when  the  kingdoms  of  this  world  shall  become  the 
Kingdom  of  our  Lord  and  of  His  Christ,  and  to  Thy  name  shall  be  the  praise  forever. 
Amen." 

After  the  invocation,  President  C.  C.  Bonney  gave  the  welcoming  address,  as 
follows : 

"The  World's  Congress  Auxiliary  salutes  and  welcomes  this  magnificent  audi- 
ence assembled  to  witness  the  Inaugural  Ceremonies  of  the  Intellectual  and  Moral 
Exposition  of  the  Progress  of  Mankind  to  be  made  in  the  World's  Congresses  of 

1893. 

In  these  Congresses  we  hope — 

To  see  mankind  made  one  in  one  mental  aim  ! 

To  see  mankind   made  one  in  moral  power  ! 

To  see  the  age  of  Peace  begin  to  dawn  ! 

Results  impossible  without  a  land 

Where  all  the  peoples  of  the  earth  have  kin  ; 

Without  a  city  great  and  powerful, 

In  which  all  classes  meet  on  common  ground. 

"The  greeting  on  behalf  of  the  Woman's  Branch  of  the  Auxiliary  will  be  given 
by  its  president,  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer. " 

Mrs.  Palmer,  in  extending  the  greeting  on  behalf  of  the  Woman's  Branch  of  the 
Auxiliary,  said: 

"  The  Woman's  Branch  of  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary,  representing  the  mar- 
velous progress  of  woman  during  the  last  four  hundred  years,  unites  most  cordially 
in  this  greeting,  and  sends  congratulations  to  the  leaders  of  that  progress  in  all  enlight- 

196 


ened  lands.  The  salutation  in  honor  of  Queen  Isabella  will  be  given  by  Mrs.  Charles 
Henrotin,  vice-president  of  the  Woman's  Branch  cf  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary. " 

The  salutation  in  honor  of  Queen  Isabella  was  then  pronounced  by  Mrs.  Charles 
Henrotin : 

1 '  The  assistance  which  Columbus  received  from  Queen  Isabella  enabled  him  to 
discover  and  reveal  the  American  Continent.  The  aid  which  enlightened  womanhood, 
the  Queen  of  this  new  age,  now  offers  to  all  men,  will  enable  them,  especially  the 
toiling  millions,  to  find  in  their  own  countries  new  worlds  of  intellectual  and  moral 
enjoyment,  enhanced  material  prosperity,  improved  social  conditions,  and  the  rich 
fruitage  of  resulting  peace." 

The  President  of  the  Auxiliary  then  introduced  the  orator  of  the  occasion : 

"The  Government  of  the  United  States  has  recognized  the  World's  Congress 
Auxiliary  as  the  proper  agency  to  arrange  and  conduct  a  series  of  International 
Congresses  to  be  held  in  connection  with  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893. 
and  has  invited  the  governments  of  other  countries  to  send  delegates  to  all  or  any  of 
these  Congresses,  in  addition  to  those  who  will  attend  as  the  representatives  of  the 
Institutions  and  Societies  of  participating  peoples.  Hence  it  was  thought  that  the 
Dedication  Ceremonies  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  would  be  incomplete  with- 
out a  proper  presentation  of  the  plans  and  purposes  of  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary, 
the  progress  made  and  the  success  assured.  The  Auxiliary  therefore  sought  for  the 
purpose  of  such  presentation  an  orator  equal  to  the  occasion,  and  whose  name  would 
command  attention  in  the  Old  World  as  well  as  in  the  New.  Such  an  orator  it  found 
in  the  Most  Reverend  John  Ireland,  Archbishop  of  St.  Paul,  who  will  now  deliver  the 
oration  on  the  World's  Congresses  of  1893." 


197 


ORfTTION  OF  f\ROHBISHOP  IRELf\ND. 

INAUGURATION  OP  THE  WORK  OP  THE  CONGRESS  AUXILIARY  OP 
THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


THE  greatest  of  things  is  mind.  Mind,  conscious,  intelligent,  potent  to  put  into 
action  thought  and  wish,  differentiates  itself  absolutely  from  matter,  rises  above 
it  to  immeasurable  heights,  dominates  and  moves  the  unthinking  world.  Mind 
is  the  causative  power  in  all  orderly  results.  Without  it,  there  is  nothing,  or  there  is 
aimless  movement  and  chaos.  The  universe  is  the  product  of  the  supreme  mind — God 
increate.  Within  the  universe  there  is  created  mind — man.  Whatever  outside 
the  workings  of  the  First  Cause,  comes  in  the  universe  of  beauty,  goodness  and 
progress,  conies  through  man.  He  is,  within  the  limits  of  God's  creation,  a  second 
creator.  The  manifestations  of  mind  in  men  are  of  varied  measures.  The  degree  of 
mind  lifts  man  above  man :  the  higher  the  mind,  the  greater  and  nobler  the  man. 

Through  scenes  of  past  ages,  over  which  fancy  delights  to  hover  amid  Columbian 
celebrations, — Cordova's  court,  the  hillside  of  La  Rabida,  Palos  harbor,  or  savage 
Guanahani — one  object  more  than  ought  else  obtains  attention.  We  seek  it  out;  we 
fix  upon  it  the  soul's  eager  eye.  It  is  the  figure  of  Christopher  Columbus.  The 
picture,  Columbus  unseen,  whatever  the  remaining  forms,  whatever  the  coloring,  is 
incomplete,  meaningless ;  the  spirit  is  absent ;  it  is  void  of  inspiration.  Columbus  is  the 
mind,  creating,  directing  the  scenes,  bringing  into  them  motive  and  purpose,  producing 
and  co-ordinating  results.  All  else  in  the  scenes  has  value  so  far  as  it  responds  to  the 
thoughts  of  Columbus,  so  far  as  it  aids  him  to  execute  his  plans.  The  queenly 
and  generous  Isabella,  the  patient  and  far-seeing  Juan  Perez,  claim  our  esteem 
because  mind  in  them  understood  and  followed  superior  mind  in  Columbus.  In  all 
places,  in  all  occurrences,  the  sublime,  the  worshipful  power  is  mind.  Man,  mind 
incorporate,  is  the  greatest  being  in  the  universe.  The  men  among  men;  mind 
towering  above  common  mind,  are  the  worthiest  of  all  objects  of  vision  and  study. 

This  day,  four  hundred  years  ago,  America  first  unfolded  to  the  eyes  of  civilized  races 
her  beauty  and  her  wealth.  Fraught,  indeed,  with  solemn  meaning  for  the  whole 
world  of  men  was  the  occurrence.  Few  expressions  recorded  in  story  revealed  great 
things  coming,  as  did  the  world  which,  rising  in  swelling  choruses,  rend  the  air  above 
the  decks  of  the  weary  and  wave-beaten  caravels  of  the  admiral  of  the  seas — land! 
land!  The  new  land  was  in  sight,  so  fruitful  in  resources,  so  pregnant  in  possibilities. 
A  new  world  was  given  to  human  longings,  to  human  action ;  a  new  era  dawned  for 
mankind,  a  marvelous  epoch  of  human  progress.  Since  the  preachings  of  the  Christian 
religion,  nothing  has  happened  to  such  great  import  for  the  human  race  as  the  discovery 
of  America.  What  has  occurred  during  the  past  four  centuries  abundantly  proves  the 
assertion.  What  will  occur  in  the  future  will  set  it  out  in  yet  clearer  light.  With 
much  reason  America  and  her  sister  continents  keep  sacred  the  centennial  anniver- 
sary. 

The  solemn  commemoration  of  the  discovery  of  America  has  been  allotted  to  the 
United  States.  It  was  the  right  and  the  duty  of  the  first  nation  of  the  continent  to 

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charge  itself  with  the  gracious  task.  She,  as  none  other,  is  the  giant  daughter  of 
the  progress  of  the  age ;  she,  as  none  other,  has  the  power  to  command  the  splendors 
which  should  mark  the  commemoration.  She  has  inaugurated  the  Exposition  of 
Chicago.  Proper,  too,  was  it  that  among  the  cities  of  the  United  States  Chicago 
be  the  chosen  one  within  whose  portals  the  Exposition  be  enthroned.  Chicago,  fifty 
years  ago  the  prairie  village,  the  stupendous  city  of  the  present  time,  is  the  world's 
object  lesson  of  progress.  The  monarch  of  our  inland  seas,  the  central  city  of  the 
nation,  she  exhibits  to  the  visitor  the  fullness  of  growth  with  which  the  United  States 
has  been  blest.  Almost  halfway  across  the  continent,  commanding  the  highways  of 
nations,  the  mart  in  which  meet  for  mutual  exchange  the  offerings  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
Chicago  forebodes  the  mighty  destiny  of  the  United  States — to  sit  among  all  earth's 
nations,  the  admired  queen,  the  arbiter  in  the  arts  of  peace  and  civilization  of  their 
destinies,  the  magnet  knitting  in  resistless  attraction  all  peoples  into  one  harmonious 
and  indestructible  brotherhood. 

The  Exposition  will  show  forth  the  results  of  the  discovery  of  Columbus.  In  this 
wise  he  is  honored.  What  Columbus  gave  to  the  world  was  not  only  the  America  .of 
1492 — America,  however  rich  in  hidden  treasures,  tranquil  and  undisturbed  in  nature's 
sleep.  He  gave  the  America  of  1892 — the  America  which  his  achievement  made  pos- 
sible. He  gave,  in  large  measurement,  modern  progress  amid  all  nations.  America, 
be  large-hearted  in  thy  justice  to  Columbus.  What  thou  art,  and  what  thou  hast, 
be  it  all  spread  out  to  the  wondering  gaze  of  the  world.  Call  thou  upon  all  nations 
to  unite  with  thee  in  praising  him  who  was  a  universal  benefactor,  and  to  unroll,  also, 
upon  thy  banquet-tables  their  choicest  gifts — these  and  thy  own,  the  ripest  fruits  of 
human  progress,  a  bounteous  feast  for  the  human  mind,  the  like  of  which  never  was 
set  before  men. 

The  Exposition  will  bring  to  the  memory  of  Columbus  yet  higher  honor.  The 
dawn  which  on  that  memorable  discovery-day  purpled  the  sails  of  the  Santa  Marie, 
the  Nina  and  the  Pinta,  and  diffused  joy  untold  into  the  souls  of  Columbus  and  his 
mariners,  was  the  harbinger  to  the  world  of  a  magnificent  era  of  progress.  What, 
then,  should  be  the  record,  told  in  future  history,  of  our  commemorative  celebration? 
This,  and  this  above  all  else,  that  it  did  beget  another  era  of  progress  for  the  world, 
distancing  the  previous  era,  so  much  more  deeply  marked  in  intensity  and  in  results, 
that  it  began  its  course  upon  the  higher  plane  to  which  the  thinkers  and  toilers  of 
four  hundred  years  had  lifted  mankind.  This  we  shall  do,  if,  in  the  magnitude  and 
wisdom  of  our  work,  we  respond  to  the  expectations  of  nations,  and  to  the  plannings 
of  the  all-ruling  Providence,  Who,  in  our  case,  as  in  that  of  Columbus,  never  puts  be- 
fore men  great  opportunities  without  demanding  that  fullest  profit  be  made  of  them. 
The  Exposition  of  Chicago  must  be  surpassingly  great.  Be  there  nothing  wanting  in 
it  that  thought  or  skill,  wealth  or  courage  can  bring  hither.  The  Exposition  com- 
memorates a  great  event.  It  represents  a  great  age  in  the  life  of  humanity  it  pre- 
sages a  greater  age  which  is  to  be.  To  the  greatness  of  the  Exposition  is  pledged 
the  honor  of  a  great  nation,  and  of  its  greatness  a  great  city  stands  the  sponsor. 

Jackson  Park,  the  pride  to-day  of  Chicago,  upon  whose  buildings,  vast  and 
stately,  the  majesty  of  the  nation  descended  this  morning  in  dedicatory  services,  tells 
the  resolve  to  redeem  all  promises,  to  realize  all  hopes.  Hither  shall  be  brought  the 
product  of  labor  and  art,  the  treasures  of  earth  and  sea,  the  inventions  of  this  won- 
drously  inventive  century,  the  fruits  of  learning  and  genius.  The  entire  globe  is  astir 
in  preparation  to  fill  to  repletion  the  palaces  we  have  erected.  The  invitation  has 

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gone  out  to  the  world  in  all  the  fullness  and  warmth  of  the  heart  of  this  republic,  and 
the  nations  of  the  world  have  hearkened  to  it  as  never  before  they  hearkened  to  a  voice 
calling  men  to  an  exposition.  The  best  that  America  can  bring,  the  best  the  world 
owns,  shall  soon  be  in  Jackson  Park. 

What  may  be  added?  I  shall  give  reply.  What  is  there  more  important,  more 
precious,  than  matter,  and  all  the  forms  with  which  matter  may  be  invested?  Is 
there  not  mind?  What  is  there  greater  than  all  the  results  of  the  thought,  the  labor 
of  man?  Is  there  not  man  himself,  the  designer,  the  maker  of  his  works?  Bring 
hither,  then,  mind.  Bring  men — not  merely  the  millions,  anxious  to  see  and  to  learn. 
These  do  we  need;  they  do  not  suffice.  Bring  the  men  whom  the  millions  desire 
to  contemplate,  and  from  whom  they  may  receive  valued  lessons.  Bring  the  think- 
ers, the  workers,  the  scholars,  the  apostles  of  action,  who  have  rendered  possible,  or 
have  produced  the  marvels  which  will  be  housed  in  Jackson  Park,  whose  dreams  make 
toward  the  building  up  of  humanity,  whose  arms  reach  out  to  the  improvement  of 
men  along  all  the  lines  of  human  progress.  Let  us  have  the  Columbuses  of  our  time. 
Let  us  have  parliaments  of  the  leaders  of  men  convoked  from  all  lands  under  the 
sun.  In  this  manner  your  Exposition  is  complete  in  all  its  parts,  truly  representative 
of  the  age  and  truly  great.  You  have  matter  and  men ;  you  have  the  works  and  the 
workers.  In  men  far  more  than  in  matter  you  have  the  highest  products  of  progress. 
There  is  progress  only  when  men  grow.  In  men  you  have  the  potent  means  to  de- 
termine the  progress  of  the  future.  God  has  made  men  the  agents  of  progress. 

I  am  stating  the  purpose  of  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition.  The  organization  known  as  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary 
is  an  integral  part  of  the  Columbian  Exposition,  whose  directors  authorize  and  support 
it.  It  has  received  from  the  United  States  Government  recognition  and  approval. 
Its  special  mission  is  to  organize  and  cause  to  be  held,  during  the  several  months 
allotted  to  the  Exposition,  international  conventions  of  the  scholars  and  workers  of 
the  world  along  all  the  lines  of  human  progress,  in  the  various  departments  of  civil- 
ized life,  and  in  this  way  to  present,  through  the  living  voice  of  the  chief  actors,  clear 
and  comprehensive  statements  of  the  questions  in  all  the  fields  of  activity,  which  vex 
to-day  the  souls  of  men.  The  idea  is  truty  grand,  and  most  important  results  must 
follow  from  the  successful  carrying  out  of  it.  All  countries  are  asked  to  send  to 
Chicago  their  best  and  most  active  minds.  The  several  conventions,  or  congresses,  will 
bring  into  actual  contact  the  leaders  in  the  several  departments  of  thought.  The 
thinking  world  will  be  under  our  eyes:  the  whole  trend  of  modern  activity  will  be 
under  our  touch.  What  schools  for  learners!  What  workshops  of  new  ideas,  where 
mind  in  friction  with  mind  provokes  into  higher  heights  and  rises  into  broader  vistas 
of  truth! 

The  president  of  the  Auxiliary  is  Hon.  Charles  C.  Bonney.  The  name  gives 
warrant  that  all  shall  be  done  to  assure  success,  which  high  intellect,  intense  honesty  of 
purpose,  and  strictest  devotion  to  duty  can  do.  He  is  seconded  in  his  work  by  a  body 
of  able  directors.  Each  broad  department  of  thought  is,  under  their  guidance, 
entrusted  to  a  commission  of  chosen  men,  whose  duty  it  becomes  to  prepare  the  plan  of 
work,  to  awaken  public  interest,  to  solicit  counsel  from  men  of  note  the  world  over. 
In  each  department  there  will  be  held  as  many  congresses  as  there  may  be  traced  out 
leading  subdivisions  of  the  general  subject,  and  for  each  congress  there  is  appointed 
a  special  commission,  whose  members  will  give  to  its  work  their  immediate  attention. 
I  instance  the  department  of  education.  There  is  the  general  commission  on  educa- 

200 


tion,  and  co-operating  with  it  there  are  the  special  commissions  on  higher  education, 
public  instruction,  public  instruction  in  music,  instruction  of  the  blind,  the  deaf 
and  dumb,  and  the  feeble-rojnded,  etc.  Furthermore, — and  I  call  particular  attention 
to  this  feature — the  aid  of  woman  is  sought;  the  importance  of  her  work  is 
recognized.  There  is  the  Woman's  Department  of  the  World's  Congress'  Auxiliary — 
a  general  commission,  and  commissions  corresponding  to  all  the  proposed  congresses 
into  which  woman's  work  may  appropriately  enter. 

The  World's  Congresses  will  be  held  in  the  permanent  memorial  art  palace  erected 
in  Lake  Front  Park.  It  is  expected  that  complete  reports  of  all  deliberations  will  be 
published  in  memorial  volumes  at  the  expense  and  under  the  direction  of  the  United 
States  Government.  Already  arrangements  are  being  made  for  the  holding  of  over 
one  hundred  congresses  under  charge  of  the  various  departments  into  which  the  work 
of  the  congress  auxiliary  has  been  organized.  For  some  congresses,  in  view  of  the 
nature  of  the  subjects  to  be  discussed,  the  attendance  will  probably  not  range  above  the 
hundreds.  In  the  greater  number  it  will  go  far  upward  in  the  thousands,  and  in 
congresses  of  departments  of  education,  temperance,  religion,  etc. ,  etc. ,  we  are  assured 
that  the  attendance  may  reach  to  thirty  or  fifty  thousand.  The  work  already  done, 
the  promises  given,  the  preparations  made,  the  adhesions  from  people  in  America  and 
in  transatlantic  countries,  allow  no  doubt  of  the  triumphant  outcome  of  the  World's 
Congress  Auxiliary. 

The  Congress  Auxiliary,  the  controlling  idea  of  which  is  to  bring  together  men 
working  for  men,  puts  forth  in  clear  outlines  the  high  purpose  of  the  whole  Expo 
sition,  and  invests  it  with  meaning  and  dignity.  Expositions  are  held  as  indications 
of  progress  and  as  stimulants  to  its  continuous  growth.  What  is  progress?  Its 
chief  seat  is  not  in  matter  ;  it  is  not  in  the  changes  of  form  to  which  matter  may  be 
subjected.  Matter  is  not  an  end  to  itself.  It  has  no  consciousness  of  its  conditions. 
No  benefit,  no  enjoyment  comes  to  it,  whatever  be  the  uses  to  which  it  is  put,  or  the 
shapings  or  the  colorings  which  may  be  impressed  upon  it.  Progress  is  in  man.  It 
is  the  growth  of  man  in  the  faculties  and  powers  of  his  being,  in  his  empire  over 
inanimate  and  irrational  creation.  Man  alone  progresses,  for  man  alone  is  intelligent 
and  conscious. 

God's  aim  in  his  workings  through  nature  was  man.  The  earth  was  created  to 
prepare  for  him  a  dwelling-place.  It  was  endowed  with  vernal  fecundity  to  provide 
him  with  nutriment  and  to  give  delectation  to  his  senses.  The  atmosphere  was  tem- 
pered to  man's  physical  life.  The  firmament  was  spread  to  light  his  footsteps  and  to 
draw  his  soul  into  supernal  contemplation.  All  these  things  were  made  for  man  and 
were  given  to  man.  "Fill  the  earth  and  subdue  it,"  said  the  Lord,  "and  rule  over 
the  fishes  of  the  sea  and  the  fowls  of  the  earth,  and  all  living  creatures  that  move 
upon  the  earth." 

"  The  meaning  of  creation,"  it  has  been  well  said,  "  is  not  understood  until  dust 
stands  erect  in  a  living  man. "  The  law  of  nature  endures.  Man  must  remain  the 
monarch  of  nature ;  the  purpose  of  nature  and  of  all  its  forces  must  be  the  service  of 
man,  the  betterment  and  elevation  of  man.  There  is  no  other  value  than  this  in 
material  things.  To  rate  man  inferior  to  matter  is  the  reversal  of  the  divine  ordering  of 
the  universe. 

Be  there  as  much  as  there  may  the  development  of  nature's  forces  and  the  har- 
nessing of  them  to  the  chariots  of  science  and  industry.  Be  there  searchings  into  the 

abysmal  secrets  of  earth,  sea  and  sky.      Be  there  trade  and  commerce.      But,  through- 

201 


out,  be  the  aim  to  build  up  man  into  a  higher  manhood,  into  a  more  intelligent,  a  bet- 
ter and  happier  being.  Be  it  always  man  who  is  progressing.  Maji  not  growing, 
nothing  has  .been  accomplished;  man  deteriorating,  there  is  evil  done.  Perish  trade 
and  commerce,  if  thereby  man  is  lessened  in  his  sense  of  righteousness,  and  the  fiber 
of  his  heart  is  hardened.  Perish  the  most  ingenious  machinery,  if  its  conscienceless 
wheels  in  their  merciless  rotations  annihilate  the  purity  •-  and  happiness  of  human  souls. 
Labor  is  a  curse  if  man  is  thereby  made  the  slave  of  matter  and  assimilated  to  matter. 
The  wealth  of  nations  is  a  blasphemy  thrown  into  the  face  of  the  Creator,  if  riches 
lead  to  selfishness  and  narrow-mindedness  in  the  possessors,  and  the  accumulation 
thereof  condemns  the  multitude  to  misery  and  sin.  Man  is  the  precious  being ;  man 
must  be  saved,  and  lifted  upward ;  the  progress  of  man  is  the  sole  progress.  Nor  by 
man  must  we  be  allowed  to  understand  a  few  men  here  and  there  amid  the  masses  of 
their  fellows.  The  few  may  have  grown  to  mountain  heights;  if  the  many  dwell  in 
the  darkened  valleys  of  suffering  and  of  soul- wreckage,  man  has  not  progressed ;  God 
has  not  care  of  the  few ;  he  has  care  of  all.  For  the  benefit  of  all  he  has  swung  the 
earth  into  space,  and  lit  above  it  his  fiery  orbs.  Progress  through  the  whole  human 
family  is  the  progress  which  God  wills,  and  which  we  should  name  progress. 

There  is  danger  lest  expositions,  where  all  is  wood  and  marble,  gold  and  silver, 
machinery  and  cereals;  where  matter  alone  feasts  the  eye,  and  speaks  to  the  soul, 
silently  teach  false  lessons  of  progress.  All  is  well  with  the  world,  it  might  seem,  if 
matter  is  improved.  Men  seek  matter  and  admire  matter.  Matter,  then,  is  the  all- 
important.  The  tendency  of  the  times  is  already  more  materialistic  than  its  well- 
wishers  desire.  Nothing  should  be  done  to  accelerate  it.  There  is  need  to  repeat 
aloud  the  poet's  warning: 

"  111  fares  the  land,  to  hastening1  ills  a  prey, 

Where  wealth  accumulates,  and  men  decay." 

This  is  the  mission  of  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary.  It  will  put  into  the  fore- 
ground, man  as  the  chief  factor  and  first  fruit  of  civilization  and  progress ;  its  pro- 
grammes of  studies  will  bring  out  in  clearest  light  his  grandeur  and  final  destiny. 
The  plans  of  the  Congress  Auxiliary  are  most  comprehensive.  They  extend  along  all 
the  lines  of  the  growth  of  man.  There  are  the  departments  of  agriculture,  engineering, 
commerce  and  finance, etc.,  etc.,  in  which  man's  relations  to  matter  receive  due  consid- 
eration. Man  lives  upon  the  earth,  derives  hence  his  subsistence,  and  in  subjecting 
it  to  his  service  he  enlarges  by  exercise  the  powers  of  his  soul.  Far  be  it  from  us  not 
to  recognize  as  vital  elements  in  progress,  and  as  strong  evidences  of  it,  the  triumphs 
of  mind  over  matter. 

The  marvels  of  physical  and  mechanical  sciences,  in  which  the  age  glorifies  itself; 
its  surprising  inventions,  enabling  us  to  dominate  more  completely  over  nature,  and 
to  yoke  its  subtlest  forces  to  our  industrial  .chariots;  its  vast  discoveries,  opening  up 
to  our  gaze  the  whole  surface  of  the  globe,  revealing  to  us  the  entrails  of  earth  and  the 
remote  regions  of  ethereal  space — we  admire  and  praise.  God  gave  to  us  the  ma- 
terial universe,  that  we  may  study  it  and  use  it.  Material  progress  is  no  less  within 
the  lines  of  his  supreme  law  than  progress  moral  and  spiritual.  The  whole  man  must 
grow,  and  grow  in  all  directions.  I  am  as  impatient  of  the  narrowness  which  limits 
him  in  one  direction  as  of  that  which  limits  him  in  another.  The  sole  lesson  which 
I  inculcate  is  that  the  earth  is  the  footstool  of  man,  and  that  material  progress  in  its 
grandest  flights  fails  unless  man  retains  throughout  his  higher  nature,  and  is  made  by 

it  a  greater  and  a  better  being. 

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The  interests  of  man's  mind  are  cared  for  in  the  departments  of  education,  science 
and  philosophy,  literature,  the  public  press,  etc.  Man  is  primarily  an  intelligence. 
His  other  operations  depend  upon  and  follow  from  his  knowing.  Without  knowledge 
the  darkening  clouds  of  barbarism  never  rend  over  the  face  of  a  people.  There  is  no 
progress  without  it  in  material  things,  and  none  in  other  realms  of  human  aspira- 
tion. And  as  progress  must  reach  over  the  whole  human  family,  so  knowledge,  how- 
ever varied  in  degrees,  must  be  universal  in  its  diffusion.  The  moral  life  of  man 
wells  up  in  the  heart,  beneath  the  vivifying  dews  of  divine  grace.  Into  this  inner 
sanctuary  congresses  have  little  access.  Yet  it  is  well  that  the  importance  of  the 
moral  life  of  the  individual  and  of  society  be  emphasized ;  for  righteousness  and  well- 
doing are  the  vital  condition  of  healthfulness  in  body  and  in  soul.  Congresses  give 
aid  by  directing  outside  social  currents,  the  influences  of  which  make  strongly  for 
good  or  evil.  Hence,  we  have  the  department  of  moral  and  social  reform,  including 
congresses  on  charity,  philanthropy,  prevention,  reform,  etc. ,  and  the  department  of 
temperance,  marshalling  into  mutual  counselling  the  devoted  legions  of  men  and 
women  who  are  giving  battle  to  a  giant  evil  of  the  times. 

The  department  of  government  deals  with  all  the  complex  problems  which  the 
proper  regulation  of  man's  social  interests  suggests.  We  shall  have  congresses  on 
municipal  and  national  administrations,  international  law,  peace  arbitration,  the  several 
divisions  of  jurisprudence  and  practical  government,  etc.,  etc.  Government  is  neces- 
sary that  men  may  abide  together  in  peace  and  derive  from  their  relations  with  one 
another  help  in  their  labor  of  self -development.  Government  is  the  means,  not  the 
end ;  the  means  to  the  elevation  of  the  many,  not  of  the  few.  The  congresses  of  this 
department  will  be  most  serviceable  in  the  progressive  march  of  humanity. 

In  the  struggles  of  men  to  subsist  and  to  rise,  success  is  measured  out  in  un- 
equal degrees.  This  is  a  natural  necessity.  None,  however,  live  for  themselves: 
all  are  members  of  the  human  family  and  the  Divine  Master  intended  for  all  a  suf- 
ficiency of  the  things  of  earth,  and  of  the  means  moral  and  physical  to  attain  to  the 
stature  of  physical  and  moral  manhood.  The  department  of  labor  will  discuss  the 
intricate  and  pressing  questions  arising  from  the  relations  of  labor  to  capital,  of  employee 
to  employer — maintaining  the  rights  of  all,  prescribing  the  duties  of  all,  and  guarding 
over  all  for  their  protection,  the  reign  of  social  order.  The  rational,  dispassionate 
study  of  the  condition  of  labor  is  to-day  a  sacred  duty.  Pope  and  Kaiser  have  alike 
counselled  it ;  religion  and  statesmanship  are  alike  concerned  in  it. 

The  health  of  the  body  of  man  is  entrusted  to  the  department  of  medicine.  Man, 
in  the  fulfillment  of  his  destiny,  can  neglect  neither  body  nor  soul.  Be  there  a  health- 
ful body  to  house  a  healthful  soul. 

There  are  the  departments  of  art,  music,  architecture,  etc.  The  instinct  of 
the  beautiful  is  deeply  imbedded  in  man;  it  must  be  satisfied.  The  beautiful  is  the 
reflection  of  elevated  regions,  unperceived  by  sense,  the  native  home  of  the  soul.  Man 
expands  beneath  its  sunshine,  and  is  preserved  by  it  from  the  hardening  impress 
which  comes  toward  him  from  the  dreary  drudgery  of  his  strugglings  with  matter. 

There  is  the  department  of  woman's  progress  providing  for  a  general  congress  of 
representative  women  of  all  countries.  At  the  same  time,  as  I  have  already  stated, 
there  is  in  connection  with  each  congress  organized  in  the  several  departments  of  the 
Congress  Auxiliary,  wherever  the  mind,  heart  and  finger  of  woman  may  be  invited  to 
give  aid,  a  woman's  committee,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  co-operation  of  woman 
in  the  work  of  human  progress.  At  no  previous  World's  Congress  was  there  the 

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marked  recognition  of  woman  which  the  Columbian  Auxiliary  accords  her.  In  this 
recognition  we  rejoice.  It  is  a  noticeable  token  and  promise  of  progress  for  woman 
herself  and  for  the  world  at  large.  Woman  for  her  own  good  has  been  too  dependent 
upon  the  stronger  sex,  and  in  the  battling  for  better  things  in  the  life  of  humanity  we 
cannot  longer  afford  to  keep  off  the  open  field  the  deep  charity  and  exhaustless  energy 
of  woman's  soul.  Columbus  could  not  have  succeeded  without  the  practical  patronage 
of  Isabella.  Be  Isabella  honored  in  the  Columbian  Exposition  by  America's  generous 
recognition  of  woman's  sphere. 

Finally,  there  is  the  department  of  religion,  crowning  the  work  of  other  depart- 
ments and  perfuming  them  with  the  fragrance  of  heaven.  Sublime  the  thought  to 
have  the  proclamation  go  out  from  the  great  Exposition  that  God  reigns,  and  that 
man  is  His  servant;  that  all  progress  begins  and  ends  with  Him,  who  is  the  alpha  and 
omega  of  all  things.  Keligion  is  at  home  amid  parliaments  of  men  working  for  prog- 
ress in  men.  There  is  no  progress  deserving  the  name  where  no  provision  exists  for 
the  growth  of  man's  spiritual  nature.  Nor  can  laborers  in  the  field  of  progress  afford 
to  overlook  the  powerful  aid  which  comes  from  religion  to  progress  in  the  moral  and 
social  spheres.  Without  God's  love  inspiring,  and  God's  justice  rewarding,  men's  hearts 
are  warped,  souls  are  chilled,  enthusiasm  is  transient  sentiment.  The  fatal  enemy  of 
the  spirit  of  sacrifice  and  of  self-control,  from  which  springs  all  moral  and  social 
progress,  is  the  cold  positivism  which  unbelief  seeks  to  substitute  for  the  religion  of  a 
living  God.  Positivism  is  despair  and  practical  pessimism.  England's  lamented 
laureate  wrote  lines  of  which  all  feel  the  truth: 

"  Why  should  we  bear  -with  an  hour  of  torture,  a  rnomen^  of  pain, 
If  every  man  die  forever,  if  all  his  griefs  are  in  vain, 

And  the  homeless  planet  at  length   will  be  wheeled   through  the  silence  of  space, 
Motherless  evermore  of  an  ever-vanishing  race  ?  " 

Keligion  is  the  eternal  fount  of  hope,  and  hope  it  is  which  sustains  man  amid  his 
strugglings,  and  impels  him  to  deeds  of  virtue  and  of  valor.  Positivism  can  never  be 
the  creed  of  a  progressive  people.  It  is  not  the  creed  of  the  Congress  Auxiliary  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition. 

Exception  has  been  taken  to  religious  congresses  on  the  ground  that  on  so  many 
points  there  will  be  no  harmony  of  thought,  and  that  truth  will  suffer  by  the  juxta- 
position of  error.  There  is  no  force  in  the  remark.  The  vital  primordial  truths 
regarding  the  supreme  God  will  be  confessed  by  all.  The  proclamation  of  these  truths 
will  be  a  great  gain.  Beyond  this,  those  who  believe  they  possess  the  truth  need  not 
fear.  Truth  is  not  timid.  Rather  should  she  court  publicity  on  this  as  on  all  other 
occasions,  in  order  that  she  be  known  and  loved.  There  shall  be  no  discussions,  no 
controversies.  The  purpose  shall  be  to  show  forth  in  methods  of  peace  what  are  the 
professions  of  faith  and  the  religious  works  of  the  world  at  the  present  time.  From 
the  plans  of  the  department  of  religion  of  the  Congress  Auxiliary  naught  but  good 
results  can  follow. 

Through  its  varied  departments  the  Congress  Auxiliary  unrolls  its  chart  of  pro- 
gress for  the  building  up  of  the  whole  man.  Its  convention  halls  will  be  workshops 
in  which  earnest  men  will  seek  to  purify  and  to  fashion  humanity  according  to  high 
ideals.  In  convoking  men  to  its  gatherings,  it  convokes  them  to  the  noblest  of  tasks 
— that  of  working  for  fellow-man.  God  works  for  man ;  the  divine  purpose  in  the 
creation  and  the  preservation  of  the  universe  is  man.  We  become  God-like  in 
action  when  we  work  for  man.  God  must  ever  be  the  supreme  end  of  our  willing  and 

204 


our  doing;  but,  outside  the  worship  due  immediately  to  His  Majesty,  He  has  deter- 
mined that  we  shall  reach  Him  through  our  fellow-beings.  God's  manifestation 
of  His  Eternal  mind,  Christianity,  makes  work  for  humanity  a  fundamental  principle 
of  religion.  '  'Amen,  amen,  I  say  to  you,  as  long  as  you  did  it  to  one  of  these  my  least 
brethren,  you  did  it  to  me." 

The  lines  of  work,  which  Christ  prescribes  in  favor  of  man,  are  not  merely 
those  relating  to  the  spiritual;  they  are  those  also,  relating  to  the  life  of  the 
body — the  feeding  of  the  hungry,  the  clothing  of  the  naked,  the  solacing  of 
the  captive,  the  healing  of  the  crushed  and  suffering  heart.  God's  sweet  re- 
ligion is  wherever  work  is  done  for  man's  welfare — wherever  humanity  is  bene- 
fited, and  lifted  upward  were  it  only  by  the  width  of  a  hair  of  the  head.  There  is 
religion  within  the  cathedral  walls,  where  God  is  spoken  to,  and  loved;  there  is  relig- 
ion in  the  wheat  field,  where  clay  and  air  combine  to  produce  food  for  man ;  there  is 
religion  in  the  factory,  where  matter  is  turned  into  new  forms  for  man's  comfort; 
there  is  religion  in  the  sanctuary  of  philosopher  and  writer,  dreaming  of  new  uplif  tings 
for  the  race,  and  oh!  there  is  religion,  when  the  weary  one  is  comforted,  the  outcast 
saved,  and  the  hand  of  the  hungering  is  filled  with  bread.  There  is  religion  wherever 
there  is  work  for  man;  religion  expands  her  heavenly  wings  over  all  the  palaces  of 
your  great  Exposition. 

Nor  by  any  manner  of  means  is  working  for  men  the  hopeless  task  that  pessi- 
mists would  fain  proclaim  it  to  be.  Progress  is  the  law  of  nature  and  the  law  of 
nature's  God.  Since  the  Creator  has  bestowed  upon  us  faculties  capable  of  expansion, 
it  must  be  His  will  that  we  draw  into  action  their  latent  forces.  Since  He  subjected 
to  us  the  earth,  it  must  be  His  will  that  we  take  possession  of  it,  and  assert  our 
mastership  of  its  every  part.  Powers  lying  dormant  and  idle  find  no  favor  in  God's 
eyes.  Progress  is  the  continuity  of  creation ;  to  arrest  it,  through  malice  or  indolence, 
is  a  crime  against  creator  and  creature.  Christ's  gospel  is  throughout  a  gospel  of 
progress.  It  announces  that  all  things  should  be  put  to  profit  and  increase ;  the 
talent  wrapt  up  in  a  napkin,  not  made  to  fructify,  draws  down  upon  its  possessor  the 
ire  of  the  master.  The  parable  of  the  talent  rather  primarily  applies  to  progress  in 
material  things.  History  is  the  witness  that  hamanity  under  Christ's  touch  was 
impelled  into  moral  and  spiritual  progress  with  such  might  that  centuries  do  not  still 
the  sublime  vibration.  The  pessimist  who  stands  idly  by,  uttering  words  of  discour- 
agement, reads  not  nature's  lessons  in  the  brightness  of  its  morning  sun,  nor  in  the 
richness  of  its  autumnal  fruitage;  he  reads  not  in  his  bible  the  divine  lessons  of  mercy 
and  grace.  There  will  always  be  in  limited  humanity,  sin  and  misery,  suffering  and 
death.  But  evil  may  be  lessened,  and  good  may  be  increased,  and  this  is  progress. 
I  shall  never  believe  that  good  must  necessarily  yield  to  evil,  that  the  Devil  is  stronger 
than  God,  and  hence  I  shall  never  cease  to  put  my  hope  in  the  progress  of  humanity. 
The  history  of  humanity  is  a  history  of  progress.  A  narrow  survey  of  the  scene  will 
not  always  bring  out  this  important  truth.  There  are  in  the  tide  of  progress  backward 
currents  and  tortuous  windings.  We  must  consider  the  general  movement  of  which 
the  trend  ceases  not  to  be  toward  higher  planes. 

"  Forward,  then  ;  but  still  remember  how  the  course  of  time  will  swerve, 
Crook  and  turn  upon  itself  in  many  a  backward  streaming  curve." 

Disguised  in  a  rhythm  of  rise  and  decline,  of  ebb  and  flow,  of  growth  and  decay, 
the  progress  of  humanity  continues,  and  the  hopes  of  the  workers  in  the  cause  of 
humanity  obtain  their  rewards. 

205 


"Through  the  ages  one  increasing  purpose  runs, 

And  the  thoughts  of  men  are  widening  with  the  process  of  the  suns." 

The  effect  of  the  work  of  our  congresses  will  be  to  give  a  marked  impetus  to  the 
forward  stream  of  progress.  Their  deliberations  will  provide  the  charts  for  the  march 
of  future  generations. 

The  congresses  organized  by  the  congress  auxiliary  will  not  be  meetings  of  pleasure 
and  friendship ;  they  will  be  solemn  conventions  of  earnest  men  and  women,  working 
with  mind  and  heart  for  progress,  comparing  together  their  observations  and  conclus- 
ions, drawing  from  contact  with  one  another  light  and  heat,  and  when  separating  more 
firmly  resolved  than  before  to  labor  for  f ellowmen. 

The  time  is  most  auspicious.  Manifestly  we  live  in  one  of  those  momentous  cycles 
of  history,  when  humanity  is  casting  around  for  new  pathways  and  girding  itself  for 
unusual  manifestations  of  its  energies.  How  much  has  been  done  since  the  days  of 
Columbus!  Much  more  will  be  done  in  the  new  period,  whose  approach  already  bright- 
ens the  landscape.  Ours  is  an  age  of  unrest,  of  searchings  and  dreamings.  Past 
achievements  have  but  whetted  the  appetite.  We  are  to-day  less  satisfied  with  inven- 
tions and  discoveries  than  we  were  when  the  steamship  and  the  railroad  car  were  mere 
experiments.  Science  is  more  restless  in  its  enquiries  into  cause  and  effect,  than  when 
it  made  its  first  step  beyond  the  borderland  of  guessings.  Signal  victories  in  the 
extension  of  popular  rights  and  of  individual  liberty,  the  elevation  of  the  masses,  the 
enlargement  of  the  sphere  of  woman,  make  known  how  much  more  may  be  obtained, 
and  awaken  new  and  untried  ambitions. 

Another  feature  of  the  age  is  its  questioning  spirit,  its  tireless  inquisitiveness.  It 
puts  all  things  to  the  test;  it  peers  into  the  heights  and  depths,  so  as  to  arrive  at  the 
real  facts,  the  ultimate  foundations,  content  to  repose  itself  upon  nothing  else.  No 
possibilities  escape  the  vision,  and  no  difficulties  affright  the  heart  of  man.  He  is 
emboldened  by  the  past  and  enriched  with  its  accumulated  treasures  of  knowledge  and 
experience.  Never  was  humanity  as  daring  as  it  is  to-day,  never  so  ready  to  leave  far 
behind  the  pillars  of  Hercules  and  steer  its  ships  over  undiscovered  seas. 

I  would  remark,  too,  the  universality  of  its  energies  and  labors.  The  manifesta- 
tions of  the  age  can  be  reduced  to  no  single  force  or  trait.  All  the  diverse  energies  of 
preceding  ages  combine  in  it,  and  many  others  born  of  itself.  All  forces,  physical, 
scientific,  social,  moral  are  evoked,  and  all  are  challenged  to  show  their  best  results. 

The  age  is  ready  for  great  feats.  If  we  are  the  loyal  workers  of  progress  our  lines 
are.  indeed,  cast  amid  hopeful  surroundings. 

The  future  !  What  will  it  be?  Material  progress,  no  doubt,  will  continue  onward 
with  ever-increasing  velocity.  The  wildest  dreams  scarcely,  I  believe,  foreshadow  the 
realities ;  nothing  need  be  unexpected.  The  travelers  to  the  Columbian  Exposition  a 
hundred  years  hence  will,  perhaps,  birdlike,  sail  through  the  air,  journeying  in  a  half- 
dozen  hours  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  city  of  the  Northwest  on  the  banks  of  the 
Mississippi.  More  unlikely  would  the  prophecy  of  travel  by  rail,  or  steam,  or  electric- 
ity have  seemed  to  our  forefathers  one  century  ago. 

I  trust  in  Providence  and  in  humanity,  and  I  have  confidence  that  the  moral  and 
social  forces  which  now  so  profoundly  agitate  the  world  will  work  into  an  increase  of 
goodness  and  happiness  among  men.  Much  will  depend  upon  the  intelligence  and  zeal 
of  those  whom  position  and  talent  have  made  the  leaders  of  thought  and  action. 
Seldom  in  all  history  did  such  deep  responsibilities  lie  upon  the  leaders  of  their 
fellows  as  there  do  to-day.  Scarcely  ever  was  humanity  pregnant  with  such  moment- 

206 


ous  possibilities ;  scarcely  ever  were  similar  opportunities  offered  to  accomplish  great 
things.  The  future  will  bring  no  millennium.  There  will  be  no  rosebush  without 
thorns,  no  day  without  the  nearness  of  evening  shades,  no  life  without  the  menace  of 
death.  There  will  be  inequalities  among  men,  and  passions  will  disturb  the  peace  of 
souls.  But  I  do  believe  there  will  be  more  mercy  in  the  world,  more  justice,  more 
righteousness.  There  will  be  more  respect  for  manhood,  more  liberty  for  the  indi- 
vidual. The  brotherhood  of  men  will  be  more  widely  recognized,  and  its  lessons  more 
faithfully  practiced.  Servitude  and  oppression  will  be  banished  even  from  the  darkest 
thickets  of  African  forests.  The  boon  of  civilization  will  reach  all  races  of  the  human 
family ;  civil  and  political  liberty  will  speed  across  all  seas  and  oceans.  Nations  will 
see  in  one  another  assemblies  of  brothers,  and  peaceful  arbitration  will,  in  settlement 
of  disagreements,  take  the  place  of  the  murderous  sword.  Brute  force  will  more  and 
more  yield  before  reason ;  mind  will  more  and  more  assert  itself  over  matter,  and  over 
passion.  All  this  will  not  come  to  pass  without  delays  and  backward  movements, 
without  reactions  and  repressions,  but  the  victory  will  be  for  truth  and  justice. 

The  atmosphere  of  the  day  is  chilled  with  the  spirit  of  unbelief.  Need  we  fear 
for  religion?  It  is  as  if  we  asked,  need  we  fear  for  eternal  truth,  for  the  reign  of  the 
Almighty?  Unbelief  is  but  a  passing  wave.  The  material  and  scientific  progress  of 
the  age  has  begotten  an  overestimate  of  nature,  and  draws  a  film  over  eyes  which 
would  seek  the  supernatural.  The  realities  of  the  supernatural  and  man's  profound 
need  of  them  endure,  and  his  reason  will  not  lose  sight  of  them.  The  protest  against 
unbelief  will  bring  religion  into  bolder  relief,  and  the  widening  thoughts  of  men  along 
other  lines  of  progress  will  prove  more  clearly  that  religion  is  the  need  of  all  progress, 
as  God  is  the  need  of  all  being. 

Toward  a  future,  as  I  briefly  sketch  it,  will  tend  the  labors  of  the  congress 
auxiliary. 

In  the  course  ot  history,  Providence  selected  now  one  nation,  now  another,  to  be 
the  guide  and  exemplar  of  humanity's  progress.  At  the  opening  of  the  Christian  era, 
mighty  Rome  led  the  vanguard.  Iberia  rose  up  the  mistress  of  the  times,  when 
America  was  to  be  born  into  the  family  of  civilized  peoples.  The  great  era,  the  like 
of  which  has  not  been  seen,  is  now  dawning  upon  the  horizon.  "Which  will  be  Provi- 
dence's chosen  nation  to  guide  now  the  destinies  of  mankind? 

THE  NOBLE  NATION  is  BEFORE  MY  SOUL'S  VISION. 

Giant  in  stature,  comely  in  every  feature,  'buoyant  in  the  freshness  of  morning 
youth,  matronly  in  prudent  stepping,  the  ethereal  breezes  of  liberty  waving  with 
loving  touch  her  tresses — she  is — no  one  seeing  her  may  doubt — the  queen,  the  con- 
querer,  the  mistress,  the  teacher  of  coming  ages.  To  her  keeping,  the  Creator  has 
entrusted  a  great  continent,  whose  shores  two  oceans  lave,  rich  in  all  nature's  gifts, 
imbosoming  precious  and  useful  minerals,  fertile  in  soil,  salubrious  in  air,  beauteous 
in  vesture.  For  long  centuries  had  He  held  in  reserve  this  region  of  His  predilection, 
awaiting  the  propitious  moment  in  humanity's  evolutions  to  bestow  it  on  men,  when 
men  were  worthy  to  possess  it.  Her  children  have  come  from  all  countries,  bearing 
with  them  the  ripest  fruits  of  thought,  labor  and  experience.  Adding  thereto  high 
inspirations  and  generous  impulses,  they  have  built  up  a  new  world  of  humanity. 
This  world  embodies  the  hopes,  the  ambitions,  the  dreamings  of  humanity's  priests 
and  seers.  To  its  daring  in  the  race  of  progress,  to  its  offerings  at  the  shrine  of 
liberty  there  seems  to  be  no  limit;  and  yet  prosperity,  order,  peace  spread  over  its 

vast  area  their  sheltering  wings. 

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The  uation  of  the  future!     Need  I  name  it?     Your  hearts  quiver  loving  it. 
' '  My  country  'tis  of  thee 
Sweet  land  of  liberty, 

Of  thee  I  sing-." 

We  commemorate  the  discovery  of  America,  four  hundred  years  ago.  Behold 
the  crowning  gift  to  humanity  from  Columbus,  whose  caravels  ploughed  ocean's 
uncertain  billows  in  search  of  a  great  land,  and  from  the  all-ruling  Providence  whose 
wisdom  and  mercy  inspired  and  guided  the  immortal  Genoese  mariner — the  United 
States  of  America. 


After  the  oration  the  President  of  the  Auxiliary  spoke  as  follows  regarding  the 
absence  of  the  President  of  the  United  States: 

' '  The  President  of  the  United  States  expected  to  honor  this  inauguration  by  his 
attendance.  For  the  overshadowing  affliction  which  prevents  his  presence,  we  waft  to 
him  on  the  wings  of  prayer,  our  deepest  sympathies. 

"As  the  World's  Congresses  of  1893  are  planned  with  a  supreme  purpose  of  ben- 
efitting  the  peoples  of  all  participating  countries,  it  is  highly  appropriate  that  the  pro- 
gramme of  these  inaugural  ceremonies  contain  a  part  to  be  performed  by  the  people 
present  on  this  occasion. 

"The  audience  will  rise  and  sing  'America,'  led  by  Mr.  E.  R  Sharpe." 

At  the  close  of  the  hymn,  the  benediction,  by  Dr.  William  Harper,  was  pro- 
nounced as  follows: 

"Almighty  God,  before  Whom  kings  bow  down  and  princes  do  obeisance,  to 
Whom  as  Father,  all  may  come  as  children  of  one  great  family,  receive  us,  we  pray, 
and  grant  the  petitions  of  our  hearts — petitions  for  the  impouring  of  the  Divine  Spirit, 
for  the  elevation  of  the  great  humanity,  of  which  we  form  a  part,  for  the  coming  of  a 
day  when  all  men  shall  see  and  know  that  Thou  art  God  indeed,  able  and  willing  to  do 
for  those  who  come  to  him.  May  Thy  benediction  rest  upon  the  great  work  which  has 
been  inaugurated  this  night.  Guide  wisely  all  who  are  connected  with  it,  and  may 
the  grace  and  peace  of  the  Father,  Son  and  Holy  Spirit  be,  and  abide  with  us  all,  now 
and  forever.  Amen." 

The  Triumphal  March,  Dudley  Buck,  was  then  rendered  on  the  organ  by  Mr. 
Clarence  Eddy,  as  the  closing  number  on  the  programme. 


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Archbishop  Ireland's  Translation  o/  the  Pope's  Letter: 

HONORED  SIR,  GREETING— While  we  see  on  all  sides  the  preparations  that  are  being 
eagerly  made  for  the  celebration  of  the  Columbian  quatro-centenary  in  memory  of  a  man 
most  illustrious  and  deserving  of  Christianity  of  all  cultured  humanity,  we  hear  with 
great  pleasure  that  the  United  States  has,  among  other  nations,  entered  this  competition 
of  praise  in  such  a  manner  as  befits  the  vastness  and  richness  of  the  country,  and  the 
memory  of  the  man  so  great  as  he  to  whom  these  honors  are  being  shown. 

Nothing,  certainly,  could  be  more  splendid  than  what  is  told  of  us  of  the  grand  and 
magnificent  Exposition  which  that  nation  will  hold  at  Chicago,  bringing  together  every 
kind  of  produce  and  work  which  fruitful  nature  bears,  and  the  artful  industry  of  man 
creates.  The  success  of  this  effort  will  surely  be  another  proof  of  the  great  spirit  and 
active  energy  of  this  people,  who  undertake  enormous  and  difficult  tasks  with  such  great 
and  happy  daring.  We  rejoice,  moreover,  in  the  nobility  of  the  purpose  which  is  equal  in 
greatness  to  the  undertaking  itself.  It  is  a  testimony  of  honor  and  gratitude  to  that 
immortal  man  of  whom  we  have  spoken,  who,  desirous  of  finding  a  road  by  which  the 
light  and  truth,  and  all  the  adornments  of  civil  culture  might  be  carried  to  the  most  dis- 
tant parts  of  the  world,  could  neither  be  deterred  by  dangers  nor  wearied  by  labors, 
until,  having  in  a  certain  manner  renewed  the  bonds  between  two  parts  of  the  human 
race,  so  long  separated,  he  bestowed  upon  both  such  great  benefits  that  he,  in  justice, 
must  be  said  to  have  few  equals,  and  no  superior  among  benefactors  of  mankind.  While, 
therefore,  we  bestow  on  the  citizens  of  the  great  republic  well-merited  praise,  we  express 
the  fervent  hope  that  their  noble  undertaking,  other  nations  uniting  with  them  and  lend- 
ing them  aid,  may  have  a  most  prosperous  issue,  that  will  prove  of  great  use  in  stimulat- 
ing the  ingenuity  of  man  in  promoting  the  development  of  nature,  and  in  advancing  the 
culture  of  all  the  fine  arts. 

Given  at  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  February  27,  A.  D.,  1892,  and  the  fifteenth  of  our 
pontificate. 

LEO  P.  P.  XIII. 

To  the  Honorable  Thomas  E.  Bryan. 


210 


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211 


212 


213 


215 


217 


219 


TV 


221 


223 


225 


IRISH    VILLAGE. 
JAPANESE     TEMPLE, 


226 


227 


229 


231 


SOUDANESE   AND    NUBIANS. 
STREET   IN   CAIRO.  EGYPTIAN    DANCING   GIRLS. 

232 


233 


SAMOAN   WARRIORS. 
GROUP  OF   BOUSHAREEN. 
234 


I-    a 


236 


237 


WALKER    FEARN, 
Chief  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs. 


MOSES     P.    HANDY, 
Chief  Department  of  Publicity  and  Promotion. 


WILLARD    A.    SMITH, 
Chief  Department  of  Transportation. 


ERSKINE    M.    PHELPS, 
Director. 


HALSEY    C.    IVES, 
Chief  Department  of  Fine  Arts 


238 


RECEPTION  fYT.THB  f\UDITORIUM. 

WEDNESDAY  EVENING,  OCTOBER  19,  1892. 


ON  February  22,  1892,  the  Joint  Committee  on  Ceremonies  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  passed  a  resolution,  placing  in  the  hands  of  the  fol- 
lowing named  resident  citizens  of  Chicago,  Major- General  Nelson  A.  Miles, 
of  the  United  States  Army;  Hon.  Hempstead  Washburne,  Mayor;  Marshall  Field, 
George  M.  Pullman  and  N.  K.  Fairbank,  the  giving  of  a  ball  or  entertainment,  to  be 
wholly  upon  behalf  of  the  citizens  of  Chicago,  without  regard  to  the  National  Com- 
mission or  Local  Directory,  and  without  expense  to  either  body. 

Acting  upon  this  resolution,  the  committee  decided  that  a  reception  should  be 
tendered  to  the  President  and  the  Vice-president  of  the  United  States,  ex-Presidents, 
Cabinet,  Diplomatic  Corps,  Supreme  Court,  Senate,  House  of  Representatives  and 
other  distinguished  guests,  at  the  Auditorium,  Chicago,  on  the  evening  of  October  19, 
1892,  during  the  week  of  the  dedicatory  ceremonies.  These  gentlemen  then  invited 
Mr.  Hobart  Chatfield  Taylor  to  assume  the  detail  work  of  arranging  for  the  reception. 
It  was  decided  that  all  citizens  of  Chicago  who  were  invited  should  be  asked  to  sub- 
scribe to  the  expense  of  the  reception,  and  that  admittance  should  be  entirely  by 
invitation.  The  distinguished  guests  receiving  complimentary  invitations  included  the 
President,  Vice-president,  ex-presidents,  Cabinet,  Diplomatic  Corps,  Supreme  Court, 
Senate,  House  of  Representatives,  Foreign  Commissioners  to  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  National  Commissioners  and  Lady  Managers.  The  subscription  lists  sent 
to  residents  of  Chicago  included  twenty-five  hundred  names  of  gentlemen. 

The  following  ladies  were  invited  to  act  as  patronesses  and  assist  in  receiving  the 
distinguished  guests: 

Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  Mrs.  C.  C,  Kohlsaat,  Mrs.  W.  Q.  Gresham, 

Mrs.  William  Armour.  Mrs.  Ferd.  W.  Peck,  Mrs.  Carter  H.  Harrison,  Jr., 

Mrs.  J.  Harley  Bradley,  Mrs.  Geo.  M.  Pullman,  Mrs.  H.  N.  Higinbotham, 

Mrs.  Thos.  B.  Bryan,  Mrs.  A.  F.  Seeberger,  Mrs.  C.  H.  McCormick, 

Mrs.  Edmund  Burke.  Mrs.  Henry  M.  Shepard,  Mrs.  A.  C.  McClurg, 

Mrs.  John  DeKoven,  Mrs.  H.  O.  Stone,  Mrs.  John  McLaren, 

Mrs.  George  L.  Dunlap,  Mrs.  Arthur  J.  Caton,  Mrs.  Nelson  A.  Miles, 

Mrs.  N.  K.  Fairbank,  Mrs.  Wm.  J.  Chalmers,  Mrs.  Hobart  C.  Taylor, 

Mrs.  Marshall  Field,  Mrs.  A.  L.  Chetlain,  Mrs.  Lambert  Tree, 

Mrs.  Charles  Fitz-Simmons,       Mrs.  John  M.  Clarke,  Mrs.  Lyman  Trumbull, 

Mrs.  Charles  Henrotin,  Mrs.  George  R.  Davis,  Mrs.  Hempstead  Washburne, 

Mrs.  John  N.  Jewett,  Mrs.  Lyman  J.  Gage,  Mrs.  George  S.  WTillits, 

Mrs.  Charles  P.  Kellogg,  Mrs.  J.  J.  Glessner,  Mrs.  Francis  M.  Whitehouse. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  invited  to  act  as  managers,  and  to  assist  the  com- 
mittee on  the  evening  of  the  reception: 

Allan   C.    Durburrow,   Jr.,       James  Carey  Evans,  Charles  B.  McDonald, 

M.  C.  William  R.  Farquhar,  General  Chauncey  McKeever, 

George  E.  Adams,  F.  C.  Farwell,  U.  S.  A. 

Abbot  L.  Adams,  Walter  Farwell,  Franklin  McVeagh, 

J.  McGregor  Adams,  Carter  N.  Fitz-Hugh,  J.  Henry  Norton, 

239 


Arthur  Aldis, 

Captain  James  Allen,  U.  S. 

Allison  V.  Armour, 

Frank  M.  A  very, 

Asher  C.  Baker,  U.  S.  A. 

Daniel  N.  Bertolette,  M.  D. 

U.  S.  N. 

William  G.  Beale, 
Nelson  P.  Bigelow, 
Edward  T.  Blair, 
J.  Harley  Bradley, 
Urban  H.  Broughton, 
Colonel  Charles  P.  Bryan, 
Benjamin  Carpenter, 
William  T.  Carrington, 
Arthur  J.  Caton, 
John  L.  Chamberlin 
Charles  Corwith, 
Frank  Cramer, 
Charles  Deering, 
J.  Edward  Doane, 
Augustus  N.  Eddy, 
Arthur  C.  Ely, 


Carter  H.  Harrison,  Jr. 
Adrian  C.  Honore, 
Lockwood  Honore, 
Pierrepont  Isham, 
Ralph  Ishani, 
Huntington  W.  Jackson, 
C.  Fred  Kimball, 
Herman  H.  Kohlsaat, 
Benjamin  B.  Lamb, 
Frederick  W.  Lamport, 
Victor  F.  Lawson, 
Charles  D.  Lathrop, 
Joseph  Leiter, 
H.  G.  Selfridge, 
Milton  C.  Lightner, 
Benoni  Lockwood,  Jr. 
U.  S.  A.  Frank  A.  Marsh, 
Edward  G.  Mason, 
John  A.  C.  Mason, 
Captain    Marion    P.    Maus, 

U.  S.  A. 
Charles  P.  McAvoy, 


William  Odell, 

Andrew  Onderdonk, 

R.  W.  Patterson,  Jr., 

Francis  S.  Peabody. 

Frank  J.  Remington 

Thomas  J.  Ryan, 

Arthur  Ryerson, 

James  W.  Scott, 

George  A.  Seaverns,  Jr., 

Charles  M.  Sherman, 

W.  E.  B.  Shufeldt, 

Sydney  R.  Taylor, 

William  E.  Safford,  U.  S.  N. 

Lambert  Tree, 

Emerson  B.  Tuttle, 

R.  A.  Waller, 

Franklin  Watriss, 

Dudley  Winston, 

Roger  Welles,  Jr.,  U.  S.  N. 

Francis  M.  Whitehouse, 

Bertram  Winston, 

Norman  Williams, 

Arthur  Wheeler. 


Cyrus  H.  McCormick, 

On  the  evening  of  the  reception,  a  floor  was  laid  in  the  Auditorium,  covering  the 
stage  and  a  large  part  of  the  parquet  circle,  thus  converting  it  into  a  ball-room.  In 
addition  to  the  thirty-eight  regular  boxes,  twenty-four  boxes  were  built  in  a  semicircle 
around  the  stage.  The  allotment  of  the  boxes  to  distinguished  guests  were  as  follows : 

M.  Governor  Maryland  and  Staff. 

N.  Governor  South  Carolina  and  Staff. 

O.  Governor  New  Hampshire  and  Staff. 

P.  Governor  New  York  and  Staff. 

Q.  Governor  Rhode  Island  and  Staff. 

R.  General  Schofield  and  Admiral  Belknap. 

S.  Ex-president  Hayes. 

T.  Diplomatic  Corps. 

U.  Diplomatic  Corps. 

V.  Board  Lady  Managers. 

W.  Local  Directors. 

X.  National  Commission. 


A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
E. 
F. 
G. 

H. 

I. 

J. 

K. 

L. 


Vice-President. 
Cabinet. 
Cabinet. 
Chief  Justice. 
Supreme  Court. 
Supreme  Court. 

Speaker   of   House — Cardinal  and  Arch- 
bishop. 

Governor  of  Delaware  and  Staff. 
Governor  of  Pennsylvania  and  Staff. 
Governor  New  Jersey  and  Staff. 
Governor  Connecticut  and  Staff. 
Governor  Massachusetts  and  Staff. 

Lower  tier  Auditorium  boxes  on  South  side  occupied  by  Diplomatic  Corps. 

Lower  tier  Auditorium  boxes  on  North  side  occupied  by  Lady  Patronesses  of 
Ball. 

Upper  tiers  Auditorium  boxes  by  the  Governors  of  Vermont,  Ohio,  Kentucky, 
Louisiana,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Michigan,  Florida,  Iowa,  Wisconsin, 
Alaska,  California,  Minnesota,  Kansas,  West  Virginia,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  Colorado, 
Montana,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Washington  and  Arizona. 

The  decorations  of  the  ball-room  consisted  of  garlands  of  wild  smilax  caught  up  by 
bows  of  red  and  yellow  ribbons,  which  were  festooned  along  the  fronts  of  the  boxes 
and  balconies  on  each  side  of  the  Auditorium.  Above  the  boxes  of  the  Vice-president 
and  the  Exposition  officials  respectively,  were  the  arms  of  the  United  States  holding 
up  the  flags  of  the  American  Nation,  and  the  arms  of  Spain  holding  the  flags  of  Euro- 
pean nations.  Around  the  ball-room  scene  with  which  the  stage  was  set  were  gonfa- 

240 


Ions  of  red  and  yellow,  and  in  the  centre  at  the  back  of  the  stage  were  Columbus  Arms 
and  Columbus  Expedition  banner  of  white  and  green.  On  each  side  of  the  banner 
burning  in  electric  lights  were  the  figures  1492  and  1892.  Sousa's  New  Marine  Band 
furnished  the  promenade  music,  and  the  Mexican  Band  played  a  selection  of  airs  during 
the  early  part  of  the  evening.  The  dance  Orchestra  in  a  pavillion  on  the  stage  was 
under  the  direction  of  Professor  Hand.  The  following  was  the  programme  of 
dances : 

.  Quadrille Columbian Hand. 

2.  Waltz Vogelhaendler Czibulka. 

3.  Polka , .  Tout  on  Rein Waldteuf el 

4.  Waltz    Poor  Jonathan Millocker. 

5.  Polka The  Gallant Unrath. 

6.  Waltz Wang1 Morse. 

7.  Galop Happy  Through  Life Hand. 

8.  Waltz Wiener  MadTn Zicher. 

9.  Polka Harlequin De  Koven. 

10.  Waltz Santiago Cor  bin. 

11.  Lanciers Festival , Hoffman. 

12.  Waltz Holdschmied's  Tochter Petras. 

13.  Polka Rococo Waldteufel. 

14.  Waltz Auditorium De  Koven, 

15.  Schottische Dancing-  Cupid Mazzocchi 

16.  Waltz Shoene  Welt Forster. 

The  supper  was  served  in  three  rooms,  the  Auditorium  dining  room,  Auditorium 
banquet  hall  and  the  third  floor  of  the  Studebaker  building,  which  was  kindly  loaned 
by  the  Studebaker  Manufacturing  Company  for  the  evening,  and  was  connected  with 
the  Auditorium  by  a  covered  stairway.  The  Auditorium  Hotel  Company  furnished 
the  supper  in  the  two  Auditorium  supper  rooms,  and  H.  M.  Kinsley  and  Bauman  were 
the  caterers  in  the  Studebaker  building,  the  same  elaborate  menu  being  furnished  in 
all  three  rooms. 

The  decorations  in  the  supper  rooms  consisted  entirely  of  plants  and  flowers,  the 
Spanish  colors  of  red  and  yellow  being  represented  by  roses  of  these  two  colors. 
Messrs.  P.  J.  Hansworth  and  Joseph  were  the  floral  decorators.  Three  mandolin 
bands  under  the  direction  of  Professors  Tomaso  and  Valisi  furnished  the  music  in  the 
three  supper  rooms. 

Among  the  distinguished  guests  who  were  present  on  this  occasion  were  the  fol- 
lowing : 

Hon.  Levi.  P.  Morton,  Vice-president  of  the  United  States;  Hon.  J.  W.  Foster,  Secre- 
tary of  State;  Hon.  S.  B.  Elkins,  Secretary  of  War;  Hon.  B.  F.  Tracy,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy;  Hon.  Charles  Foster,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  Hon.  John  Wanamaker,  Postmaster- 
general;  Hon.  John  W.  Noble,  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  Hon.  Wm.  H.  H.  Miller,  Attorney- 
general;  Hon.  J.  M.  Rusk,  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Mr.  Chief-justice  Fuller,  Mr.  Justice  Shiras,  Mr.  Justice  Harlan,  Mr.  Justice  Gray,  Mr. 
Justice  Brewer,  Mr.  Justice  Brown,  Mr.  Justice  Lamar,  Mr.  Justice  Blatchford. 

Major-general  and  Mrs.  Nelson  A.  Miles,  U.  S.  A. ;  Admiral  C.  E.  Belknap,  U.  S.  N. ; 
General  J.  C.  Breckenridge,  Ky. ;  Hon.  Henry  Watterson,  Ky.;  His  Eminence,  Cardinal 
Gibbons,  Baltimore;  Monseigneur  Saltoi,  Rome;  Senator  and  Mrs.  John  Sherman,  Ohio; 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  M.  Studebaker,  South  Bend,  Ind. ;  Senator  and  Miss  Stockbridge,  Michigan; 
Major-general  J.  B.  Schofield,  U.  S.  A.;  Hon.  J.  W.  St.  Clair,  West  Virginia;  Hon.  Gorton 
W.  Allen,  New  York;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  P.  A.  B.  Widener,  Philadelphia;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Rich- 
ard Kerenes,  St.  Louis;  Senator  and  Mrs.  Calvin  S.  Brice,  Ohio;  Hon.  Thomas  W.  Palmer, 
President  World's  Columbian  Commission,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  N.  Higinbotham,  President 

241 


World's  Columbian  Exposition;  Senator  W.  B.  Allison,  Iowa;  Mrs.  Sarali  S.  C.  Angell,  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich. ;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  B.  Andrews,  Raleigh,  N.  C. ;  Hon.  Raymond  Le  Ghait,  Bel- 
gian Legation;  Senor  Thomas  de  Souza  Roza,  Portuguese  Minister;  Frederich  Baruch, 
Consul-general  of  Salvador;  Anton  F.  P.  von  Palmforst,  Consul  of  Austria-Hungary;  Mr. 
Alfred  de  Claparede,  Swiss  Minister;  Senor  Don  Nicanor  Balet-Peraza,  Venezuelan  Min- 
ister; Mr.  Pung  Kwang  Yu,  Secretary  of  the  Chinese  Legation;  Senor  Don  Horacio  Guz- 
man, Nicaraguan  Minister;  Senor  Don  Matias  Romero,  Mexican  Minister;  Mr.  George 
Birkhoff,  Jr.,  Consul  of  the  Netherlands;  His  Excellency,  Gozo  Tateno,  Japanese  Minister; 
Hon.  Adolph  Kirchoff ,  Secretary  of  the  Brazilian  Commission;  Hon.  T.  B.  Bullene,  Kansas 
City;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  Byrum,  Rienzo,  Miss.;  Hon.  L.  Brainerd,  Hartford, 
Conn.;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  A.  R.  Bixby,  Maine;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  A.  G.  Bullock,  Massa- 
chusetts; Naveoyeni  Bey,  Turkish  Legation;  F.  Berriozabel,  Mexican  Consul  to 
Chicago;  Hon.  A.  Boutelle,  Maine;  Mr.  A.  Bartholemy,  Paris;  Hon.  Harry  H.  Bingham, 
Pennsylvania;  General  Brooks,  U.  S.  A.;  Senator  S.  M.  McCullum,  Illinois;  Mr.  John 
M.  Coburn,  1st  Secretary  Chilian  Legation;  Mr.  H.  C.  Lausseuius,  Austrian  Consul  to  Chi- 
cago; Hon.  John  T.  Dickinson,  Secretary  World's  Columbian  Commission;  Hon.  and  Mrs. 
Charles  H.  Deere,  Moline,  111.;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Nelson  Dingley,  Jr.,  Maine;  Chev.  de  Favera, 
Austrian  Minister;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  'Chauncey  M.  Depew,  New  York;  Hon.  Richard  Delafield, 
New  York;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  Calvo,  Costa  Rica  Legation;  Hon.  W.  H.  Enochs,  Ohio;  Hon. 
and  Mrs.  Jos.  Eiboech,  Iowa;  General  and  Mrs.  Jos.  B.  Doe,  Wisconsin;  Colonel  O.  H. 
Ernst,  Washington;  Prince  Engalitsheff,  Russia;  Colonel  and  Mrs.  J.  II.  French,  Massa- 
chusetts; Governor  and  Mrs.  David  R.  Frances,  Missouri;  Baron  de  Fava,  Minister  from 
Italy;  Hon.  Stuyvesant  Fish,  New  York;  Governor  and  Mrs.  Joseph  Fifer,  Illinois;  Hon. 
and  Mrs.  Lyman  B.  Goff,  Rhode  Island;  Hon.  Thomas  E.  Garvin,  Evansville,  Ind. ;  Ramon 
Gurzman,  Guatemala;  Hon.  Thos.  E.  C.  Gutierres,  New  Mexico;  Senor  and  Mrs.  Goday, 
Mexican  Commissioner;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  Gould,  Moline,  111.;  Hon.  Frank  R.  Gammon, 
Guthrie,  O.  T.;  Hon.  J.  Hurst,  Secretary  Haytian  Legation;  Mrs.  John  Hay,  Cleveland, 
Ohio;  Mr.  and  Miss  E.  W.  Halford,  Washington;  Mrs.  Florence  Ives,  New  York;  Miss  Lillie 
Irene  Jackson,  West  Virginia;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  C.  H.  Jones,  St.  Louis;  Hon.  F.  C.  Lay  ton, 
Ohio;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Henry  Lane,  Michigan;  Mr.  A.  Lilyhart,  Belgian  Minister;  Senor 
Manuel  Lemus,  Guatemala;  Mrs.  W.  Newton  Linch,  West  Virginia;  Senor  De  Lome,  Wash- 
ington; Mrs.  John  A.  Logan,  Washington;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  P.  H.  Lannan,  Utah;  Hon.  and 
Mrs.  Euclid  Martin,  Omaha,  Nebraska;  Senor  Roman  and  Mme.  Mayorga,  Secretary  Nicau- 
raguan  Legation;  Hon.  George  V.  Massey,  Delaware;  Mrs.  Jennis  Mitchell,  Kansas;  Mrs. 
Lewis  Hanback,  Kansas;  Robert  von  Mutzenbecher,  German  Legation;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  E. 
B.  Martindale,  Indiana;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  Moreira,*  Brazilian  Commissioner;  Dr.  Z.  Barrow 
Barrios,  Brazilian  Commissioner;  C.  de  Ragonza,  Brazilian  Commissioner;  L.  Soutcheffskv. 
Imperial  Commissioner  from  Russia;  Colonel  Edwin  C.  Mason,  U.  S.  A.,  Ft.  Snelling;  Com- 
modore Meade,  U.  S.  N. ;  Hon.  B.  C.  Miles,  Massachusetts;  Governor  Wm.  McKinley, 
Ohio;  Hon.  C.  D.  McDuffie,  New  Hampshire;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  R.  J.  Oglesby,  Illinois. 
Simeas  de  J.  Olivera,  Brazilian  Commissioner;  H.  'Price,  Haytian  Legation;  General  and 
Mrs.  Horace  Porter,  New  York;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Willard  Hall  Porter,  Delaware;  Professor 
and  Miss  Putnam,  Boston;  Miss  Augusta  Pitchowski,  Russia;  Prof,  and  Mrs.  John  K. 
Paine,  Massachusetts;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Harvey  P.  Platt,  Ohio;  J.  SeaverPage  and  Miss  Page, 
New  York;  Clem  Studebaker,  Jr.,  South  Bend,  Indiana;  Captain  Schofield,  U.  S.  A.;  Mr. 
W.  E.  D.  Stokes,  New  York;  Colonel  Saddler,  Chicago;  John  Starrin,  New  York;  Hon. 
WTm.  Saunders,  Ottawa,  Canada;  Hon.  W.  L.  Sessions,  New  York;  Hon.  H.  C.  Sherrard, 
Steubenville,  Ohio;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Svanoe,  Swedish  Consul;  Don  Roderigo  de  Saavedora, 
Spanish  Legation;  Reverend  Storjohann,  Christiana,  Sweden;  Manuel  Parez  Sevane,  Span- 
ish Legation;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  John  Boyd  Thatcher,  Albany,  N.  Y. ;  Hon.  R.  Turnbull, 
Florida;  Charles  E.  Terrel,  Secretary  Swiss  Legation;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  H.  Troutman,  New 
York;  Hon.  O.  V.  Tousley,  Minnesota;  P.  De  Thall,  Russia;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  S.  R.  Tappen, 
New  York;  Lieutenant  Taussig,  U.  S.  A.,  Washington;  Right  Hon.  LordThurlow,  England; 
Hon.  and  Mrs.  J.  W.  Woodside,  Pennsylvania;  Hon.  Richard  M.  White,  New  Mexico;  Hon. 
and  Mrs.  T.  B.  Keogh,  North  Carolina;  General  and  Mrs.  V.  D.  Groner,  Virginia;  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Fred  J.  Kiesel,  Utah;  Mr.  M.  Kurn,  Japanese  Minister;  Mrs.  Wm.  Reed,  Baltimore, 
Md. ;  Colonel  and  Mrs.  R.  Bruce,  Ricketts,  Penn.;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Wm.  Ritchie,  Ohio;  Gen- 
eral and  Mrs.  J.  N.  Reece,  Springfield,  111.;  Mr.  Clement  Studebaker,  Indiana;  Mrs.  Jacob 

242 


and  Jacob  Studebaker,  South  Bend,  Ind. ;  Major  Hoyt  Sherman,  Des  Moines,  la. ;  Monsieur 
de  Struve.  Washington;  Mrs.  Josephine  Shakespeare,  Louisiana;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  B.  B.  Smal- 
ley.  Vermont;  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  Smith,  New  Jersey;  Hon.  Gardiner  C.  Sims,  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  G.  Studebaker,  Indiana;  Mrs.  Avery  M. '  Starkweather,  Rhode 
Island;  Hon.  J.  M.  Sheppard,  Michigan;  Hon.  R.  L.  Saunders,  Mississippi;  Monsieur 
Krautzer,  French  Minister;  Mr.  George  Studebaker,  Indiana;  Hon.  G.W.  Hundley,  Ala- 
bama; Captain  Myron  Herrick,  Cleveland,  Ohio;  Mr.  Walter  Hayes,  Washington;  Mr.  F. 
II.  Harrison,  Evanston;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Verstraete,  Paris,  France;  Hon.  A.  R.  Hervey,  Bos- 
ton; Mr.  Colgate  Hoyt,  Long  Island;  Colonel  J.  C.  Howe,  Columbus,  Ohio;  Hon.  George  F. 
Coates,  Arizona;  Mr.  M.  Heilman,  French  Chancellor;  Lieutenant  Hess,  German  Legation; 
A.  Honger,  Swiss  Legation;  Monsieur  Le  Maille,  Paris,  France;  Mr.  Robert  Levy,  Constan- 
tinople; Lieutenant  Bitiencourt,  Brazilian  Commissioner;  Harkey  Bey,  Constantinople; 
Tapin  Bey,  Constantinople;  Hon.  Thomas  M.  Williams,  Tennessee:  Hon.  C.  K.  Holiday,  Jr., 
Kansas;  Hon.  C.  B.  Hopkins,  Spokane,  Washington;  General  G.  B.  Raum,  Washington. 


JOHN     W.     ROOT. 


D.     H.     BURNHAM, 
Director  of  Works. 


243 


244 


CIVIC  CELEBRATION. 

OCTOBER  20,   1892. 


AS  a  part  of  the  ceremonies  attending  the  dedication  of  the  buildings  of  the 
World'sColumbian  Exposition,  it  was  determined  by  the  National  Commission 
that  a  grand  civic  demonstration  should  be  one  of  the  distinguishing  features. 

General  Miles  was  designated  by  the  Secretary  of  War  to  take  command  of  the 
troops,  and  was  requested  by  the  joint  committee  on  ceremonies  to  act  as  grand 
marshal  of  the  civic  parade.  General  Joseph  Stockton  was  appointed  chief  of  staff. 

The  secretary  of  the  committee  addressed  a  letter  to  the  principal  officers  of  the 
various  civic  societies  of  Chicago  inviting  them  to  participate  in  the  parade,  and  in 
nearly  every  instance  met  a  prompt  response. 

The  route  of  the  march  was  as  follows:  Michigan  avenue  from  Twelfth  street, 
north  to  Van  Buren  street,  Van  Buren  street  west  to  Wabash  avenue,  Wabash  avenue 
north  to  Lake  street,  Lake  street  west  to  State  street,  State  street  south  to  Adams 
street,  Adams  street  west  to  Franklin  street,  Franklin  street  south  to  Jackson  street, 
Jackson  street  east  to  State  street,  State  street  south  to  Van  Buren  street  and  disperse. 

It  covered  a  marching  distance  of  three  miles,  while  the  column  was  over  ten 
miles  in  length  and  three  hours  in  passing  a  given  point.  The  column  was  marched  in 
platoon  front  of  sixteen  to  twenty  abreast,  close  order,  music  in  quick  time. 

The  marching  of  the  different  civic  societies  composed  of  men  not  accustomed  to 
marching,  and  the  assembling  and  dispersing  would  have  been  creditable  to  military 
organizations,  showing  the  esprit  de  corps  of  the  societies  taking  part  in  the  process- 
ion, which  merited  and  received  the  applause  of  the  countless  thousands  of  spectators 
who  lined  the  streets  and  occupied  the  windows  of  every  available  building  along  the 
line  of  march. 

The  procession  was  headed  by  Major  R.  W.  McClaughry,  Chief  of  Police  of 
Chicago,  with  his  inspectors  and  a  detachment  of  mounted  and  foot  policemen,  followed 
by  Sousa's  Marine  band  and  the  Sapadores  and  Miners'  band  of  Mexico.  Immediately 
following  were  General  Nelson  A.  Miles  and  General  Stockton  with  their  aides. 

The  first  division  was  led  by  the  Chicago  Hussars,  a  magnificently  equipped  body 
commanded  by  Captain  E.  L.  Brand,  escorting  Mayor  Washburne  and  the  city  officials 
in  carriages.  Following  the  Hussars  were  forty-four  posts  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic.  The  first  division  was  closed  by  the  Governors  of  the  following  States,  each 
accompanied  by  his  staff :  Governor  Roswell  P.  Flower,  of  New  York ;  Governor  Wm. 
E.  Russell,  of  Massachusetts;  Governor  H.  A.  Tuttle,  of  New  Hampshire;  Governor 
Morgan  G.  Bulkely,  of  Connecticut;  Governor  Frank  Brown,  of  Maryland;  Governor 
D.  Russell  Brown,  of  Rhode  Island;  Governor  R.  J.  Reynolds,  of  Delaware;  Gov- 
ernor Holt,  of  North  Carolina;  Governor  Robert  E.  Pattison,  of  Pennsylvania;  Gov- 
ernor John  Young  Brown,  of  Kentucky;  Governor  Wm.  McKinley,  of  Ohio;  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor  A.  L.  Parlonge,  of  Louisiana ;  Governor  Ira  Chase,  of  Indiana ;  Gov- 
ernor Joseph  W.  Fifer,  of  Illinois;  Governor  Edwin  C.  Burleigh,  of  Maine;  Governor 
David  R.  Francis,  of  Missouri ;  Governor  Edward  P.  Winans,  of  Michigan ;  Governor 

245 


Horace  Boies,  of  Iowa ;  Governor  Geo.  Peck,  of  Wisconsin ;  Governor  H.  H.  Markham, 
of  California ;  Governor  W.  R.  Merriam,  of  Minnesota ;  Governor  James  E.  Boyd,  of 
Nebraska;  Governor  Routt,  of  Colorado;  Governor  Andrew  H.  Burke,  of  North 
Dakota;  Governor  A.  C.  Mellette,  of  South  Dakota;  Governor  J.  K.  Toole,  of  Mon- 
tana ;  Governor  Ferry,  of  Washington. 

General  A.  C.  Hawley  was  marshal  of  the  second  division,  which  was  led  by  the 
troops  from  the  United  States  Indian  Industrial  School,  of  Carlisle,  Pa. ,  consisting  of 
five  companies,  and  presenting  a  most  picturesque  appearance.  Following  was  the 
Independent  Order  of  Foresters,  led  by  High  Marshal  John  M.  Cook.  Fifty-one 
courts  were  represented.  Next  in  order  came  the  Chicago  Sons  of  Veterans;  the 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America,  550  men;  the  Uniform  Rank  Royal  Arcanum. 

The  Ninth  Battalion  of  Infantry  was  next  in  order,  followed  by  the  Colored 
Uniformed  Rank  Knights  of  Pythias ;  Hebrew  Societies  and  Grand  Deputies  with  fifty- 
three  courts.  The  Italian  Societies  followed  with  fifteen  organizations  very  handsomely 
uniformed,  with  the  float  "Columbus  discovering  America;"  the  Santa  Maria 
approaching  a  rock  bound  coast  on  which  is  discovered  a  group  of  native  American 
Indians  noting  with  curiosity  the  approach  of  the  Spanish  vessel.  Columbus  stands  at 
the  helm  with  a  rolled  map.  At  the  bow  crouch  the  surprised  seamen. 

Then  came  the  Grecian  Brotherhood  Association  with  300  men  in  line;  the  Patri- 
otic Order  Sons  of  America,  with  10,000  men  in  line;  the  Chicago  Orangemen,  repre- 
sented by  ten  camps;  the  Patriotic  Guard  of  the  United  States;  the  Chicago  Turners 
Society,  2,500  men  in  line,  headed  by  the  Aurora  Drum  Corps  of  fifty  men;  the  German 
Veterans;  the  Military  Order  of  St.  George;  the  Scottish  Assembly;  the  Uniformed 
Sir  Knights,  Sons  of  St.  George;  the  Croatin  Benevolent  Society,  5,000  men  inline; 
the  Swedish  and  Scandinavian  Societies. 

The  next  division  was  headed  by  the  Englewood  Light  Infantry,  followed  by  the 
Second  Regiment  Band  and  the  Fullerton  Avenue  Cadets.  The  City  Schools  were  next 
in  line,  and  the  thousands  of  children  with  uniforms  and  banners  attracted  great 
attention. 

The, Third  Grand  Division  was  escorted  by  fifty  mounted  uniformed  Knights  of 
St.  Patrick,  leading  the  Catholic  Order  of  Foresters,  with  9,534  men  in  line.  This 
was  one  of  the  largest  and  most  imposing  bodies  ;  the  members  of  the  High 
Court  were  in  carriages,  and  following  was  the  Uniformed  Rank  of  the  Order  with  850 
men,  and  a  float,  "  Columbus, "  drawn  by  cir;ht  dapple-gray  horses.  The  lower  plat- 
form was  embellished  with  coat  of  arms  of  the  Order  on  velvet  drapery,  ornamentations 
in  relief  ;  the  main  platform  had  forty-four  columns,  each  surmounted  by  gilt  starss 
representing  forty-four  States,  draped  in  the  National  Coat  of  Arms  and  American 
flags  ;  globe  representing  the  earth  on  which  rests  a  bust  of  Columbus,  draped  with 
Spanish,  Italian  and  American  National  colors  ;  figure  "Columbia"  placing  laurels 
on  a  bust  of  Columbus  ;  on  the  main  platform  were  three  young  women  representing 
the  three  cardinal  principals  of  the  Society — Friendship,  Love  and  Truth. 

The  following  orders  and  societies  completed  the  parade:  Hibernian  Rifles,  699 
men;  Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians,  2,000  men  in  line;  Archdiocesan  Union,  400 
men;  Catholic  Knights  of  America;  Catholic  Benevolent  Legion,  2,750  men  inline; 
United  States  Polish  Societies,  fifty-five  organizations,  800  men.  in  line;  St.  John 
Baptist  Society,  1,000  men;  the  Consolidated  Temperance  Societies,  600  men. 

24(5 


CITY   DECORATIONS. 


NOTHING-  connected  with  the  important  event  of  the  dedication  of  the  great 
Exposition  went  off  with  more  success  and  eclat  than  the  city  decorations. 
All  Chicago  was  one  bright  picture,  and  inasmuch  as  the  city  had  had  little 
or  no  previous  experience  in  general  decorations  of  its  buildings,   the  result  was  a 
most  happy  and  gratifying  surprise. 

Mr.  James  W.  Scott,  the  publisher  of  THE  CHICAGO  HERALD,  was  the  father  of 
the  idea  that  Chicago  should  show  the  world  its  appreciation  of  the  charge  it  had  on 
hand,  and  that  it  could  do  so  no  more  effectually  than  by  an  artistic  appeal  to  the 
eye.  In  compliance  with  this  general  plan  he  caused  a  letter  to  be  addressed  to  the 
owners  and  lessees  of  the  principal  buildings  in  the  city,  the  outcome  of  which  was  a 
large  and  enthusiastic  meeting,  on  the  evening  of  September  9th. 

It  was  determined  at  this  meeting  that  the  decorations  should  be  both  artistic  and 
attractive,  and  devoid  of  the  common-place  features  which  usually  characterize  such 
decorations ;  that  the  appropriate  decoration  of  the  numerous  and  handsome  buildings 
of  the  city  would  add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the  streets  at  a  time  when  Chicago  would 
be  an  object  of  absorbing  interest  to  all  the  world. 

In  pursuance  to  a  resolution,  Mr.  Ferd.  W.  Peck,  vice-president  of  the  Exposi- 
tion, appointed  the  following  gentlemen  a  committee  to  formulate  plans  for  the 
general  decoration  of  buildings  throughout  the  city:  Mr.  Harry  G.  Self  ridge,  chair- 
man; Martin  A.  Ryerson,  General  Joseph  Stockton,  Charles  L.  Hutchinson  and  E.  F. 
Cragin.  A  general  plan  was  announced  by  Mr.  Selfridge,  in  which  the  business 
section  from  the  river  south  and  from  the  lake  to  the  river,  was  to  be  divided  into 
districts,  with  a  sub-committee  composed  of  active  business  men  who  were  willing  to 
help,  for  each  district.  Twenty-five  districts  were  made  and  the  members  of  the  vari- 
ous sub-committees  soon  formed  organizations  to  work  in  harmony  with  the  general 
committee  for  the  purpose  of  producing  handsome  and  harmonious  effects  in  the  deco- 
rations. 

The  committees  appointed  for  the  different  districts  as  they  were  numbered  were 
as  follows: 

First — E.  Norton,  E.  C.  Buttolph,  J.  H.  Leslie. 

Second — J.  E.  Quan,  A.  M.  Thompson,  F.  H.  Armstrong. 

Third— S.  D.  Kimbark,  W.  S.  Gould,  Montgomery  Ward. 

Fourth— C.  F.  Kimball,  E.  G.  Forman. 

Fifth— J.  T.  Revell,  A.  Henrotin,  J.  H.  Walker,  Jr.,  R.  S.  Peale,  J.  M.  Lee. 

Sixth— C.  H.  Slack,  H.  W.  Bryant,  D.  M.  Fisk,  Dr.  F.  C.  Greene,  George 
Bohner. 

Seventh — S.  B.  Raymond,  L.  Gould. 

Eighth — Benj.  Carpenter,  E.  A.  Robinson,  J.  MacGregor  Adams,  J.  H.  Garibaldi, 
J.  C.  Durgin. 

Ninth— J.  M.  Brooks,  Dr.  J.  B.  McFatnch. 

Tenth — E.  Mandel,  J.  H.  Wood,  C.  H.  Stevens. 

247 


Eleventh-  -J.  T.  Shayne,    R.  B.  Gregory,    B.  F.  Do  Muth,   C.  F.  Gunther,   B.  F. 
Foster,  David  Mayer,  Carl  Dernberg,  J.  Beifleld. 

Twelfth — Henry  Siegel,  H.  A.  Spaulding. 

Thirteenth— C.  C.  Heisen,  W.  F.  Donohue. 

Fourteenth — A.  T.  Aldis,  F.  P.   Owings,  E.   A.  Cummings,  Dunlop  Smith,  J.  P. 
Heywood. 

Fifteenth— F.  R.  Chandler,  F.  S.  Peabody,  C.  B.  Evans,  W.  S.  Eden,  J.  L. 
Houghteling. 

Sixteenth — J.  Irving  Pearce,  Joseph  Leiter  F.  M.  Atwood,  C.  M.  Babbitt,  Harry 
Hamline. 

Seventeenth — H.  L.  Hatch. 

Eighteenth — Charles  Counselman,  J.  H.  Van  Vlissingen,  J.  G.  Steever,  G.  F. 
Stone. 

Nineteenth— Wyllis  Baird,  A.  Tracyhoy,  J.  R.  Walker,  W.  H.  Wilson. 

Twentieth— A.  Arend,  M.  W.  Kosminski,  A.  D.  Kelly. 

Twenty-first— J.  R.  Gait,  T.  R,  Cruttenden,  R.  W.  Hare. 

Twenty-second — L.  B.  Gray,  G.  M.  Alexander. 

Twenty-third— F.  R.  Fulton,  W.  E.  Clow. 

Twenty-fourth — C.  J.  Roberts. 

Twenty-fifth— J.  H.  Walker,  J.  V.  Farwell,  Jr.,  F.  M.  Fargo,  L.  F.  Stewart. 

The  City  Council  and  Cook  County  Commissioners  made  appropriations  and 
appointed  committees  to  co-operate,  so  far  as  the  decoration  of  the  City  Hall  and 
Court  House  were  concerned,  with  Mr.  Selfridge's  committee,  and  as  a  result  the  gray 
stone  walls  and  marble  pillars  were  made  to  bloom  forth  with  a  splendor  they  had  never 
before  known. 

The  World's  Fair  Committee  of  Artists,  with  Director  of  Decoration  Frank  D. 
Millet  as  chairman,  selected  as  the  municipal  color  a  rich  terra  cotta,  being  the  most 
appropriate  for  a  general  back-ground  on  which  the  brighter  and  more  delicate  colors 
could  be  displayed  to  great  advantage  and  with  harmonious  combinations. 

Perhaps  nothing  tended  more  to  the  great  success  of  the  decoration  features  of 
the  city  of  Chicago  during  the  progress  of  this  important  event,  than  the  wisdom  in 
choosing  one  special  color  which  might  be  run  in  varying  shades  through  all  the  myriad 
decorative  designs  and  forms  which  were  displayed  on  the  grimy  stone  fronts  and 
severe  architectural  ensemble  of  Chicago's  massive  buildings.  The  people  accepted 
the  selection  with  a  unanimous  good  spirit,  which  made  it  truly  the  ' '  municipal 
color." 

Chicago  became  beautiful,  and  "  terra  cotta  "  historic  on  the  same  day. 


CITY     DECORATION  — MARSHAL     FIELD     BUILDING. 
249 


GLIMPSES     OF    THE     WOODED     ISLAND. 
250 


GIVEN  BY 

LIEUT. -COL.  HENRY    L.  TURNER   AT   THE   FIRST   REGIMENT    ARMORY, 

THURSDAY  EVENING,   OCTOBER  20,    1892. 


IN  harmony  with  the  ceremonies  attending  the  dedication  of  the  buildings  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  was  the  reception  and  ball  tendered  by  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Henry  L.  Turner,  First  Infantry  Illinois  National  Guard,  to  the  visiting 
officers  of  the  Army,  Navy,  Loyal  Legion  and  National  Guard.  The  reception  was 
held  at  the  armory  of  the  First  Infantry,  Sixteenth  Street  and  Michigan  Boulevard, 
Thursday  evening,  October  20,  1892,  and  was  one  of  the  most  notable  events  of  the 
week.  It  will  always  remain  a  part  in  the  history  of  the  dedicatory  ceremonies,  not 
only  because  of  the  fact  that  the  dignitaries  of  the  Nation  gathered  in  the  armory  at 
the  time,  but  further  because  the  entertainment  was  provided  and  tendered  to  Chi- 
cago's distinguished  visitors  by  a  private  citizen  and  the  entire  expense  of  the  under- 
taking borne  by  him. 

Invitations  to  the  reception  and  ball  included  the  President  and  Vice-President  of 
the  United  States,  Cabinet  officers,  Senators,  Representatives,  Governors  of  the  States, 
Members  of  the  Diplomatic  Corps,  Foreign  Military  and  Naval  officers,  members  of 
the  World's  Columbian  Commission,  officers  of  the  Exposition,  officers  of  the  United 
States  Army,  Navy  and  Marine  Corps,  officers  of  the  National  Guard  and  Naval  Re- 
serve, Companions  of  the  military  order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the  United  States,  and 
distinguished  citizens  both  at  home  and  abroad.  In  scope  the  affair  was  international, 
and  fifteen  thousand  guests  were  invited.  By  actual  count  12,460  of  those  invited 
were  present  on  the  evening  of  the  festivities. 

Lieutenant- Colonel  Turner  received  his  guests  in  the  Board  of  Officer's  Room,  and 
was  assisted  by  the  following  ladies  and  gentlemen: 

Major-General  Henry  Kyd  Douglas,  Adjutant-General  of  Maryland,  and  Miss  Castle- 
man,  of  Louisville,  Ky. 

General  A.  B.  Nettleton,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Treasury,  and  Mrs. 
John  B.  Castleman,  of  Louisville,  Ky. 

Colonel  John  B.  Castleman,  First  Infantry  Kentucky  State  Troops,  and  Mrs.  W.  D. 
Porter,  of  Chicago. 

Colonel  Charles  R.  E.  Koch,  First  Infantry  Illinois  National  Guard,  and  Mrs.  Frederick 
G.  Laird,  Chicago. 

Colonel  R.  E.  A.  Crofton,  15th  U.  S.  Infantry,  and  Miss  Katherine  Button,  of  Chicago. 

General  A.  C.  McClurg,  M.  O.  L.  L,  U.  S.,  Chicago,  and  Mrs.  A.  C.  McClurg. 

Major  Fred  Brackett,  1st  Infantry,  District  of  Columbia  Militia,  and  Mrs.  Schiller 
Hosford,  of  Chicago. 

Mr.  Schiller  Hosford,  of  Chicago,  and  Mrs.  Chas.  R.  E.  Koch,  of  Chicago. 

Major-General  and  Mrs.  Nelson  A.  Miles,  U.  S.  A. ,  joined  the  party  later. 

251 


The  reception  hours  were  from  8.30  to  10.30,  during  which  time  the  immense 
number  of  guests  presented  themselves  in  the  reception  room.  Lieutenant  Henry 
Barrett  Chamberlin,  First  Infantry  Illinois  National  Guard,  was  master  of  ceremonies, 
and  introduced  the  guests  to  the  host  as  they  entered  the  room. 

During  the  reception  hours  the  twelve  company  parlors  of  the  Armory  were  open 
and  officers  of  the  several  companies  with  their  ladies  held  sub-receptions. 

Promptly  at  10.30  the  "assembly"  was  sounded  for  the  grand  march,  and  fifteen 
minutes  later  "Adjutant's  Call"  announced  the  formation  of  the  line.  Sharply  on  the 
stroke  of  11  o'clock,  the  regimental  band  of  the  Second  Infantry  struck  up  "  Colonel 
Turner's  March,"  and  the  great  line,  eight  thousand  strong,  began  slowly  to  move.  It 
required  three-quarters  of  an  hour  to  get  the  whole  line  in  motion,  and  continual 
counter-marching  to  maneuver  it,  even  on  the  great  drill  floor  of  the  armory.  The 
twelve  numbers  of  the  programme  carried  the  gaieties  well  into  day-break  of  the  21st. 

Precisely  at  midnight  "Officer's  Call"  was  sounded,  and  as  the  last  note  of  the 
bugle  dies  away,  the  companies  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  the 
United  States  gathered  in  the  middle  of  the  great  hall  and  joined  in  singing 
"America."  Officers  of  the  Army,  Navy  and  National  Guard  gathered  round  them, 
and  at  the  conclusion  of  the  anthem  the  latter  raised  their  voices  in  a  rousing  cheer 
for  the  old  soldiers  of  the  war.  Following  this  came  the  singing  of  the  song  ' '  The 
National  Guard,"  composed  by  Lieutenant-Colonel  Turner  and  sung  to  the  tune  of 
"Maryland." 

Then  the  dance  continued  and  the  brilliant  scene  was  viewed  by  thousands  of  the 
country's  most  distinguished  men  and  women. 

The  entire  affair  was  managed  with  military  precision  and  was  handled  with  the 
smoothness  which  comes  from  discipline.  A  volunteer  guard  of  100  men  from  the 
First  Infantry,  under  the  command  of  Captain  Edward  Hall  Switzer,  efficiently  pre- 
vented confusion  among  so  many  guests,  while  the  dancing  floor  was  managed  by 
Captain  George  Whittlesey  Bristol,  assisted  by  twelve  aides,  officers  of  the  command. 

Probably  no  one  man  ever  entertained  so  many  distinguished  guests  at  one  time 
in  this  country,  and  Lieutenant-Colonel  Turner  deserves  great  credit  for  his  unbounded 
hospitality  and  generous  courtesy. 


252 


THE    FELLOWSHIP    CLUB    DINNER, 

GIVEN   AT    "KINSLEY'S," 
ON  THE  EVENING  OF  OCTOBER  20,   1892. 


HISTORY    OF    THE    FELLOWSHIP    CLUB. 

THE  Fellowship  Club  of  Chicago  was  organized  on  the  fourth  of  June,  1891. 
The  constitution  defines  its  chief  object  to  be  "  the  promotion  of  good  fellow- 
ship and  its  extension  to  '  the  stranger  within  our  gates.  '  The  officers  are: 
President,  James  W.  Scott,  publisher  Chicago  Herald;  vice-president,  Moses  P.  Handy, 
Promoter  General  World's  Columbian  Exposition;  treasurer,  H.  Gordon  Self  ridge,  of 
Marshall  Field  &  Co.  ;  secretary,  F.  Willis  Rice,  publisher  National  Hotel  Reporter. 
These  gentlemen  constitute  the  executive  committee,  together  with  Messrs.  H.  H. 
Kohlsaat,  publisher  of  the  Inter- Ocean;  Robert  A.  Waller,  Vice-President  World's 
Columbian  Exposition;  and  Milward  Adams,  manager  the  Auditorium.  The  resident 
membership  is  limited  to  fifty,  and  non-resident  membership  to  twenty-five.  There 
are  at  present  but  two  honorary  members:  Gov.  AVilliam  McKinley,  of  Ohio,  and 
Hon.  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  of  New  York. 

The  club  was  formed  with  the  prime  object  of  extending  the  hospitality  of  the 
city  to  the  most  eminent  in  every  walk  of  life  who  may  visit  Chicago  during  the 
World's  Fair  period;  the  dinners  held  thus  far  have  been  noted  for  their  brilliancy  and 
for  the  spirit  of  good  fellowship  which  has  prevailed. 

THE    COLUMBIAN    DINNER. 

Several  months  prior  to  the  date  named  for  the  Dedicatory  services  of  the  Expo- 
sition, the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Fellowship  Club  decided  that  a  dinner  should 
be  given  in  honor  of  the  distinguished  guests  who  should  assemble  in  Chicago  upon 
that  occasion,  and  an  arrangement  was  made  with  the  Joint  Committee  on  Ceremonies 
of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  by  which  a  "Columbian  dinner"  should  be 
given  by  the  club  at  "  Kinsley's  "  on  the  evening  of  Thursday,  October  20. 

Previous  to  the  issuing  of  this  invitation  a  letter  was  received  from  President  Har- 
rison, in  which  he  signified  his  intention  of  being  present,  and  he  was  only  deterred 
from  coming  to  Chicago,  by  the  serious  illness  of  his  wife,  which  later  resulted  in  the 
death  of  that  most  estimable  woman  to  the  regret  of  every  citizen  in  the  United 
States.  This  invitation  was  sent  to  men  of  distinction  throughout  the  United  States 
and  in  many  of  the  countries  of  Europe,  and  acceptances  were  received  to  the  number 
of  one  hundred,  which,  in  addition  to  the  fifty  members  of  the  club  present,  made  the 
entire  number  of  participants  exactly  one  hundred  and  fifty. 

The  members  and  their  guests  assembled  at  "  Kinsley's  "  at  seven  o'clock  on  the 
evening  of  October  20th.  The  banquet  hall  was  elaborately  decorated  for  the  occasion 
and  presented  a  most  brilliant  appearance.  The  American,  Spanish  and  Italian  colors 
predominated  in  the  decorations  of  the  walls  and  ceiling,  and  the  welcoming  word 

"FELLOWSHIP"  found  a  lodgment  in  letters  formed  of  red  incandescent  lio-hts. 

253 


The  tables  were  elaborately  decorated  with  flowers,  including  large  yellow  and  white 
chrysanthemums,  pink  and  yellow  roses  and  American  beauties,  carnations  and  other 
varieties.  The  most  elaborate  attempt  at  decoration,  however,  was  a  magnificent  repro- 
duction of  the  Administration  building  of  the  World's  Columbian  Imposition.  Not 
only  was  this  beautiful  structure  reproduced  with  the  utmost  fidelity,  but  there  was 
also  the  lagoon  of  "  real  water  "  surrounded  by  graveled  walks  and  banks  of  green. 
This  striking  bit  of  artistic  work  was  placed  in  the  center  of  the  feast  and  was  illumi- 
nated by  means  of  electric  lamps. 

The  dinner  was  announced  by  the  ringing  of  a  huge  dinner  bell  in  the  hands  of 
the  chef  clothed  in  white  jacket  and  apron,  with  cap  of  the  same  spotless  hue,  this 
being  a  regular  feature  of  all  the  dinners  of  the  club.  In  front  of  the  seat  occupied 
by  the  president  of  the  club  was  the  emblem  of  the  club— a  mammoth  wish-bone  of 
burnished  metal,  from  the  apex  of  which  was  hung  the  dinner  bell  after  the  chef  had 
used  it  in  summoning  the  distinguished  company  to  the  festive  board.  Directly  under- 
neath this  emblem  stood  the  silver  loving  cup  presented  to  the  club  on  this  occasion  by 
Edward  Holbrook,  Esq. ,  of  New  York. 

As  the  guests  entered  the  dining  hall  Valisi's  mandolin  orchestra  played  a  march 
from  Von  Suppe,  and  President  James  W.  Scott  led  the  way  accompanied  by  Vice- 
President  Morton  as  the  guest  of  honor.  Other  distinguished  guests  were  escorted  by 
members  of  the  club  and  the  entire  company  soon  found  the  places  provided  for  them. 
Previous  to  taking  their  seats  the  company  stood  with  bowed  heads  while  grace  was 
said  by  His  Eminence,  Cardinal  Gibbons,  of  Baltimore.  The  Imperial  Quartette  then 
sang  the  first  stanza  of  America  with  fine  effect.  At  each  guest's  plate  was  laid  a 
menu  card  handsomely  engraved  and  tied  with  garnet  ribbon. 

The  name  cards  bore  the  insignia  of  the  club  embossed  in  gold  and  the  names  of 
the  members  and  guests  were  painted  by  hand  in  gold  bronze.  At  each  plate  there 
was  placed  a  unique  and  costly  souvenir  in  the  form  of  an  elaborate  wine  glass  of 
Venetian  make,  to  which  the  guest's  name  was  attached,  these  glasses  being  enclosed 
in  a  hexagonal  box  at  the  end  of  the  entertainment  and  taken  away  by  the  partici- 
pants as  a  souvenir  of  the  occasion. 

Shortly  after  the  dinner  began,  following  the  second  course,  President  Scott 
announced  that,  following  the  custom  of  the  club,  the  guests  would  now  be  introduced 
to  each  other  by  the  passing  of  the  "loving  cup, "  which  was  circulated  among  the 
guests  by  the  secretary  of  the  club,  who,  as  he  passed  around  the  room,  announced 
the  name  of  each  gentleman.  The  first  to  receive  a  drink  of  the  unction  of  good 
fellowship  contained  in  the  cup  was  Vice-president  Levi  P.  Morton,  who,  as  he  rose, 
was  greeted  with  enthusiastic  applause.  As  the  cup  continued  on  its  passage  many  of 
the  more  prominent  personages  were  received  with  pronounced  demonstrations  from 
the  company  when  their  names  were  announced  by  the  secretary.  The  entire  round 
was  finally  made  and  ex- President  Hayes,  who  sat  on  the  left  of  the  President  of  the 
club,  was  the  last  gentleman  to  partake  of  the  contents  of  the  loving  cup. 

While  the  feast  was  in  progress  and  when  the  venison  was  reached,  four  stalwart 
men,  appropriately  attired  as  hunters,  with  green  fringe  on  the  lower  edge  of  their 
buckskin  over-garments,  marched  in  bearing  the  carcass  of  the  animal  which  was 
shortly  to  be  served  in  juicy  steaks.  During  this  ceremony  the  Imperial  Quartette, 
stationed  in  the  gallery,  sang  with  effect  the  Huntsman's  song  from  ' '  As  You  Like 
It."  Other  musical  features,  in  addition  to  the  programme  of  the  Valisi  orchestra, 

254 


was  the  singing  by  Seignior  Filippi  of  "  Funiculi  Funicula  "  and  the  rendition  of  an 
original  song  written  for  the  occasion  by  Colonel  Augustus  Jacobson  and  rendered  by 
the  members  of  the  club  in  unison  to  the  air  of   "Marching  Through  Georgia." 
The  following  is  a  list  of  those  who  were  present  as  the  guests  of  the  club: 

Senor  Don  Cayetano  Romero,  First  Secre- 
tary of  the  Mexican  Legation. 

The  Hon.  Michael  II.  Herbert,  Secretary  of 
the  British  Legation. 

Mr.  Pung  Kwang  Yu,  First  Secretary  of 
the  Chinese  Legation. 

M.  Von  Politschek,  Consul  General  of 
Austria. 

Senor  Anibal  Cruz,  Charge  cle  Affaires> 
Chili. 

Mr.  Ye  Cha  Yun,  Secretary  of  Legation  for 
Corea. 

Cardinal  Gibbons,  of  Baltimore,  Md. 

Archbishop  Ireland,  of  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Mgr.  Satolli,  of  Rome. 

Constantino  Rakowza  Soustcheffsky,  Im- 
perial Commissioner  for  Russia  to  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

The  Hon.  Alfred  Carpmael,  Royal  Com- 
missioner from  Great  Britain  to  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

The  Hon.  William  M.  Springer,  of  Illinois. 

Governor  R.  E.  Pattison,  of  Pennsylvania. 

Governor  Joseph  W.  Fifer,  of  Illinois. 

Governor  H.  A.  Tuttle,  of  New  Hampshire. 

Governor  A.  C.  Mellette,  of  South  Dakota. 

Governor  Frank  Brown,  of  Maryland. 

Governor  Thomas  Holt,  of  North  Carolina. 

Governor  II.  J.  Reynolds,  of  Delaware. 

Governor  A.  J.  Chase,  of  Indiana. 

Governor  George  W.  Peck,  of  Wisconsin. 

Governor  Francis  Fleming,  of  Florida. 

Governor  J.  J.  Brown,  of  Kentucky. 

Governor  H.  H.  Markham,  of  California. 

Governor  James  P.  Eagle,  of  Arkansas. 

Governor  A.  H.  Burke,  of  North  Dakota. 

Governor  William  McKinley,  of  Ohio. 

Governor  Roswell  P.  Flower,  of  New  York. 

Governor  E.  P.  Winans,  of  Michigan. 

Governor  W.  R.  Merriam,  of  Minnesota. 

Governor  David  B.  Francis,  of  Missouri. 

Governor  J.  I.  Routt,  of  Colorado. 

Governor  D.  Russell  Brown,  of  Rhode 
Island. 

Governor  Levi  K.  Fuller,  of  Vermont. 

Governor  E.  C.  Burleigh,  of  Maine, 

Governor  J.  E.  Boyd,  of  Nebraska. 

Acting  Governor  Allen  Weir,  of  Washing- 
ton. 

Governor  A.  L.  Thomas,  of  Utah. 

Governor  M.  G.   Bulkeley,  of  Connecticut 

The  Hon.  WThitelaw  Reid . 


The  Hon.  Levi  P.  Morton  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States. 

The  Hon.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  ex-Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

The  Hon.  John  W.  Foster,  Secretary  of 
State. 

The  Hon.  John  Wanamaker,  Postmaster- 
General. 

The  Hon.  John  W.  Noble,  Secretary  of  the 
Interior. 

The  Hon.  W.  H.  H.  Miller,  Attorney-Gen- 
eral. 

The  Hon.  J.  M.  Rusk,  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture. 

The  Hon.  B.  F.  Tracy,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy. 

Chief  Justice  Melville  W.  Fuller. 

Mr.  Justice  Harlan,  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court. 

Mr.  Justice  Brewer,  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court. 

Mr.  Justice  Wood,  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Baron  de  Fava,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  from  Italy. 

Senor  Enrique  Dupuy  de  Lome,  Envoy  Ex- 
traordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary 
from  Spain. 

Senor  Thomaz  de  Souza  Roza,  Envoy  Ex- 
traordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary 
from  Portugal. 

Mr.  Gozo  Tateno,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  from 
Japan. 

Mr.  Alfred  LeGhait,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  from  Bel- 
gium. 

Mr.  A.  de  Claparede,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  from  Switz- 
erland. 

Senor  Don  Nicanor  Bolet-Peraza,  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary from  Venezuela. 

Senor  Don  Horacio  Guzman,  Envoy  Extra- 
ordinary and  Minister  Plenipotentiary 
from  Nicaragua. 

Count  de  Sponneck,  Minister  from  Den- 
mark. 

M.  Charles  de  Struve,  Envoy  Extraordinary 
and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  from 
Russia. 

Mavroyeni  Bey,  Envoy  Extraordinary  and 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  from  Turkey. 


255 


Edwin    Willitts,     President     Government  The   Hon.    E.   8.    Stuart,  Mayor  of  Phila- 

Board  of  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  delphia. 

P.  A.  B.  Widener,  Chairman  Committee  on  The  Hon.  Charles  F.   Manderson,   of  Neb- 
Ceremonies,  raska,  President  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate. 

The  Hon.  Gorton  W.   Allen,  World's  Fair  The  Hon.  Shelby  M.  Cullom,  of  Illinois. 

Commissioner  from  New  York.  Richard   Harding   Davis,    editor  Harper's 
Major-General    J.     M.     Schofield,    United  Weekly. 

States  army.  M.  Kranz,  Commissioner  from  France. 

F.  D.  Millet,  artist.  Bishop  Charles  H.  Fowler,  of  California. 

The   Hon.    John   Sherman,    Senator   from  Charles  F.  McKim,  architect. 

Ohio.  Richard    Watson    Gilder,    editor    Century 
The  Rev.  H.  C.  McCook,  of  Philadelphia.  Magazine. 

Richard  M.  Hunt,  architect.  WTm.  Penn  Nixon. 

Augustus  St.  Gaudens,  sculptor.  Joseph  Keppler,  editor  of  Puck. 

Senor  Marachel  Jose-Simeoa  de  Oliveria,  General  Russell  A.  Alger,  of  Michigan. 

Official  World's  Fair  Representative  from  George  M.  Pullman. 

Brazil.  Charles  H.  Schwab,  Council  of  Administra- 
The  Hon.  Chauncey   M.    Depew,    of  New  tion,  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

York.  C.  K.  G.  Billings. 

Col.   E.   C.   Culp,  Secretary  of   Joint  Com-  John  R.  Walsh. 

mittee  on  Ceremonies  World's  Columbian  Edward    F.     Lawrence,    Chairman    Joint 

Exposition.  Committee  on  Ceremonies. 

The  Hon .  George  V.  Massey,  of  Delaware. 

The  following  named  members  of  the  Fellowship  Club  completes  the  list  of  those 
present: 

James  W.  Scott,  M.  P.  Handy,  H.  G.  Selfridge,  F.  Willis  Rice,  Milward  Adams,  H.  H. 
Kohlsaat,  R.  A.  Waller,  Benjamin  Butterworth,  Will  J.  Davis,  Charles  L.  Hutchinson,  M. 
M.  Kirkman,  George  R.  Davis,  H.  M.  Kinsley,  Rollin  A.  Keyes,  Charles  Lederer,  Ferd  W. 
Peck,  Chas.  B.  McDonald,  Hempstead  Washburne,  Harris  A.  Wheeler,  C.  C.  Kohlsaat, 
Charles  H.  W  acker,  Victor  F.  Lawson,  James  W.  Nye,  John  S.  Runnells,  Edward  M.  Swit- 
zer,  F.  S.  Winston,  George  S.  Willits,  Lyman  J.  Gage,  Franklin  H.  Head,  Franklin  Mac- 
Veagh,  William  G.  Beale,  Alexander  H.  Revell,  Daniel  H.  Burnham,  Charles  Counselman, 
James  E.  Deering,  Eugene  Field,  Azel  F.  Hatch,  Milton  W.  Kirk,  Wrm.  B.  Keep,  James  S. 
Norton,  Wm.  J.  Chalmers,  H.  N.  Higinbotham,  Melville  E.  Stone,  William  D.  Preston,  H. 
I.  McFarland,  Hobart  C.  Taylor,  E.  B.  Butler,  Marshall  Field,  Wm.  L.  Tomlins,  Wm.  D. 
Hoard,  George  R.  Blanchard,  George  R.  Peck,  Thomas  W.  Palmer,  Gustav  Baumann,  Nel- 
son A.  Miles,  F.  J.  V.  Skiff. 

Following  the  dinner,  speeches  were  made  by  Vice-President  Morton,  Hon.  John 
W.  Foster,  Secretary  of  State;  Baron  Fava,  the  Italian  Minister;  Chief  Justice  Fuller, 
Governor  McKinley,  of  Ohio;  Hon.  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  Hon.  Whitelaw  Reid,  Rich- 
ard M.  Hunt,  the  architect;  Mayor  Washburne,  James  S.  Norton,  Hon.  T.  W.  Palmer, 
Melville  E.  Stone,  and  Lyman  J.  Gage;  also  recitations  by  Eugene  Field,  the  poet. 

The  rendering  of  the  Fellowship  Drinking  Song  concluded  the  entertainment  of 
the  evening,  and  thus  closed  what  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States  pronounced 
"the  most  remarkable  dinner  ever  given  on  this  continent;"  and  which  has  since 
been  referred  to  by  one  of  the  participants  in  a  letter  to  the  secretary  as  follows: 
*  *  *  "It  was  an  event  that  grows  on  one.  The  bringing  together  of  so  many 
eminent  people  makes  it  the  most  notable  dinner  ever  given  in  the  United  States.  The 
range  was  so  enormous  and  the  versatility  of  those  present  so  great  that  it  hardly 
seems  possible  that  such  an  assembly  could  have  been  collected  together  at  one  table." 

256 


o 


'ttf. 


258 


OPENING    THE>    EXPOSITION. 

THE  CEREMONIES  ON  MAY  IST,  WHEN  PRESIDENT  CLEVELAND  STARTED 

THE  MACHINERY. 


AT  12:20  o  clock,  on  May  1,  1893,  President  Cleveland  touched  the  electric 
button  which  set  in  motion  the  machinery,  and  signalized  the  opening  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

That  single  touch  of  Grover  Cleveland's  finger  did  a  million  things.  First  it 
marked  on  the  page  of  history  the  beginning  of  another  epoch  in  the  life  of  man — the 
planting  of  civilization's  center  within  the  interior  of  America.  It  transmitted  by  the 
magic  current  of  electricity  the  motion  which  opened  the  valve  of  the  greatest  of 
engines  and  breathed  life  into  the  cylinders  and  wheels  of  that  monster  industrial 
servant.  It  loosened  the  throats  of  a  hundred  steam  whistles,  and  caused  fire  and 
smoke  and  mighty  reverberations  to  belch  from  the  guns  in  the  harbor.  It  filled  the 
ivory  horizon  with  800  flags  and  streamers  from  the  roofs  and  towers  of  the  surround- 
ing palaces  as  if  they  had  all  been  geared  to  the  same  unfurling  appliances.  It 
dropped  the  veil  from  the  beauteous  form  of  the  golden  statue  of  the  Republic  which 
stood  looking  at  the  unparalleled  scene.  It  sent  the  echoes  flying  through  the  great 
city  lying  dark  and  massive  in  the  background,  and  these  in  turn  were  taken  up  and 
hurled  around  the  globe  to  all  the  nations  thereof.  It  opened  the  floodgates  and 
permitted  the  waters  to  spurt  from  the  fountains  in  the  near  foreground,  filling  the  air 
(vith  a  soft  mist.  It  added  the  silver  voices  of  chimes  to  the  triumphant  din.  It 
blazoned  the  air  over  the  heads  of  the  multitude  with  the  flags  of  Aragon  and  Castile, 
that  union  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  who  dispatched  Columbus  to  the  western 
world.  It  sent  a  thrill  of  power  and  conquest  through  the  hearts  of  the  multitude, 
through  all  civilization.  All  this  it  did — so  alert  all  the  local  organization,  so 
perfectly  instantaneous  the  means  of  communication  on  this  our  sphere  in  this  day 
and  generation — while  the  strong,  firm  hand  of  President  Cleveland  still  rested  upon 
the  ivory  key. 

The  supreme  moment  had  passed.      The  World's  Columbian  Exposition  was  open. 

Long  before  the  arrival  of  the  President  the  grand  stand  east  of  the  Administra- 
tion building  was  filled  with  foreign  dignitaries  and  Exposition  officials. 

To  the  right  of  the  foreign  representatives  were  the  national  commissioners,  with 
their  wives  and  families. 

It  was  11:15  when  President  Cleveland,  side  by  side  with  Director-general  Davis,  came 
down  the  broad  aisle  leading  from  the  Administration  building  to  the  platform.  The 
President  was  followed  by  Vice-president  Stevenson,  Secretaries  Carlisle  and  Gresham, 
and  others  of  his  cabinet.  President  Higinbotham  of  the  World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition was  close  behind.  As  the  President  stepped  on  the  platform  the  mighty  assem- 
bly broke  into  deafening  cheers.  Just  as  the  President  took  his  seat  the  Duke  and 

259 


Duchess  of  Veragua  entered  and  the  cheering  recommenced.     The  entrance  of   Gov- 
ernor Altgeld  and  Mayor  Harrison  was  the  signal  of  another  outburst  of  applause. 

At  this  time  the  Administration  building  presented  a  scene  never  to  be  forgotten. 
As  far  as  the  eye  could  see  around  the  building,  down  the  avenue  and  beside  the  lagoon 
was  a  dense  mass  of  people.  Over  the  grand  stand  the  east  side  of  the  building  itself 
was  black  with  spectators  hanging  from  the  balconies  and  standing  on  the  window 
ledges  and  roof,  anywhere  and  everywhere,  so  they  could  look  down  on  the  platform 
holding  the  chief  magistrate  and  the  distinguished  guests.  The  stand  itself  was  a 
glittering  spectacle,  and  when  the  beams  of  the  sun  broke  through  cloud  drifts  they 
glinted  and  glanced  upon  myriad  forms  of  gold  lace  and  brass  buttons. 

After  the  dignitaries  had  been  seated  the  orchestra  started  the  Grand  Colum- 
bian march :  by  John  K.  Paine.  The  opening  bars  of  this  impressive  hymn  hushed  the 
crowd  into  admiring  awe. 

The  vast  crowd  fronting  the  speaker's  platform  was  patient,  orderly  and  reveren- 
tial. After  the  distinguished  guests  of  the  day  had  been  assigned  seats,  Director-general 
Davis,  sitting  to  the  left  of  President  Palmer,  of  the  Columbian  commission,  arose 
and  advanced  to  the  front  of  the  platform  precisely  at  11  o'clock.  He  lifted  his 
hand  and  commanded  silence,  to  which  there  was  instant  obedience.  He  said : 

"  According-  to  the  official  programme  for  to-day's  exercises,  I  have  the  pleasure  of  in- 
troducing- the  Rev.  W.  H.  Milburn,  chaplain  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  who  will 
offer  the  invocation." 

The  blind  chaplain  arose  from  his  seat  at  the  right  of  the  Duke  of  Veragua, 
advanced  to  the  front  of  the  rostrum,  and  facing  the  immense  congregation,  every 
head  about  him  bowed  and  every  hat  removed,  said: 

"  All  glory  be  to  Thee,  Lord  God  of  hosts,  that  Thou  hast  moved  the  hearts  of  all 
kindred  tongues,  peoples  and  nations  to  keep  a  feast  of  tabernacles  in  this  place  in  com- 
memoration of  that  most  momentous  of  all  voyages  by  which  Columbus  lifted  the  veil  that 
hid  the  new  world  from  the  old  and  opened  the  gateway  of  the  future  of  mankind.  Thy 
servants  have  builded  these  more  than  imperial  palaces,  many-chambered  and  many-gal- 
leried,  in  \vhich  to  store  and  show  man's  victory  over  air,  earth,  fire  and  flood — engines  of 
use,  treasures  of  beauty  and  promises  of  the  years  that  are  to  be  in  the  further  illustration 
of  the  world's  advance  within  these  four  hundred  years. 

"Woman,  too,  the  shackles  falling  from  her  hands  and  estate ,  throbbing  with  the 
pulse  of  the  new  time,  joyously  treading  the  paths  of  larger  freedom,  responsibility  and 
self-help  opening  before  her — woman,  nearer  to  God  by  the  intuitions  of  the  heart  and  the 
grandeur  of  her  self-sacrifice,  brings' the  inspiration  of  her  genius,  the  product  of  her  hand, 
brain  and  sensibility  to  shed  a  grace  and  loveliness  upon  the  place,  thus  making  of  the 
house  beautiful. 

"  To  Thee,  whose  holy  hands  have  lifted  the  gates  of  the  great  empires  from  their 
hinges  and  turned  the  stream  of  history  into  new  channels — to  Thee,  our  risen  and  ascended 
Lord,  we  dedicate  these  trophies  of  the  past,  achievements  of  the  present  and  prophecies 
of  the  future,  laying  them  reverently  and  with  humility,  and  yet  with  a  rapture  of  thanks 
and  praise,  at  the  foot  of  Thy  cross,  for  Thou  hast  redeemed  us  by  Thy  blood  and  made  us 
kings  and  priests  unto  our  God. 

"  Upon  Thine  honored  servants,  the  President  of  the  United  States,  the  members  of  his 
cabinet,  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  the  senators  and  representatives  of  the  people, 
and  all  other  magistrates  throughout  our  broad  land  ;  upon  that  most  illustrious  sovereign 
of  the  world,  our  kinswoman,  revered  and  beloved  in  this  land  as  in  her  own,  the  gracious 
lady,  Queen  Victoria ;  upon  all  presidents,  emperors,  kings,  queens  and  other  rulers  of 
whatever  name  or  degree,  and  upon  all  the  people  and  nations  over  which  they  may  sway, 
we  pray  that  the  benediction  of  the  King  of  kings  and  Lord  of  lords  may  descend  and 
abide,  hastening  the  time  when  nations  shall  learn  war  no  more,  when  the  sword  shall  be 
beaten  into  the  plowshare  and  the  spear  into  the  pruning-hook. 

2GO 


"  Thou  alone,  O  Lord,  knowest  the  insuperable  obstacles  surmounted;  the  envies,  jeal- 
ousies and  bickerings  allayed,  the  open  hostilities  and  opposition  mastered  by  dauntless 
courage  and  inexhaustible  patience,  the  unexampled  facilities  of  resources  and  the  resist- 
less energy  by  which  the  men  engaged  in  this  mighty  undertaking  have  brought  it  to  a 
triumphant  consummation.  Crown  their  labors  and  victory  with  Thy  gracious  words, 
'  Well  done,  good  and  faithful  servants,'  and  make  the  world  to  echo  Thy  plaudits. 

"Send  Thy  blessings  upon  this  great  city,  itself  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world, 
whose  site,  \vithin  the  memory  of  living  man,  was  a  pasture  for  wild  beasts,  the  lair  of  the 
wolf  and  the  nest  of  the  rattlesnake,  but  which  now  sits  enthroned  as  one  of  the  capitals 
of  the  earth,  and  throws  wide  its  gates  of  hospitable  welcome  to  the  people  of  all  languages 
and  climes,  conferring  upon  those  that  dwell  within  its  borders  the  blessings  which  maketh 
rich  and  bringeth  no  sorrow. 

"  Father,  supreme,  be  Thou  the  guardian  of  our  land,  defending  us  from  whirlwinds, 
floods,  hail  and  blight,  keeping  far  from  our  shores  the  plague  of  cholera,  and  every  other 
pestilence,  and  as  these  are  Thy  protests  ag'ainst  filth,  drunkenness,  debauchery,  and 
every  kind  of  corruption,  stir  up  our  whole  people  to  be  working  with  Thee  by  sanity  and 
sanitation,  temperance  in  meat  and  drink,  chastity,  and  all  methods  of  right  living,  to 
insure  to  themselves  and  their  children  health,  length  of  days  and  peace.  Make  this 
world's  fair  a  sabbatic  year  for  the  whole  human  race,  a  year  of  jubilee  in  which  the  heavy 
and  grinding  yoke  of  ill-paid  labor  shall  be  exchanged  for  the  yoke  of  Him  who  is  meek 
and  lowly  in  heart,  in  which  love  to  God  and  love  to  man  shall  become  the  rule  of  all  men's 
lives,  so  that  with  one  voice  the  whole  world  may  ring  out  with  the  anthem  which  angels 
sang  over  the  sheep-folds  of  Bethlehem — Glory  to  God  in  the  highest,  on  earth  peace,  good 
will  to  men. 

"  Lord  God,  accept  our  praise  and  hear  our  prayers,  through  Him  Who  has  taught  us 
to  say  :  Our  Father,  which  art  in  heaven,  hallowed  be  Thy  name ;  Thy  kingdom  come, 
Thy  will  be  done,  in  earth  as  it  is  in  heaven.  Give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread,  and  forgive  us 
our  trespasses  as  we  forgive  those  who  trespass  against  us.  And  lead  us  not  into  tempta- 
tion, but  deliver  us  from  evil.  Amen. 

"  Now,  unto  Him  that  is  able  to  do  abundantly  above  all  that  we  ask  or  think,  accord- 
ing to  the  power  that  worketh  in  us,  unto  Him  the  giory  in  the  church  by  Christ  Jesus 
throughout  all  ages,  world  without  end.  Amen." 


POEM  OF  THE  PROPHECY. 

Mr.  Davis  again  commanded  attention  and  announced  as  the  third  number  on  the 
programme  a  poem,  "  The  Prophecy,"  written  by  W.  A.  Croffut.  "  I  introduce  to  you 
Miss  Jessie  Couthoui,"  said  Mr.  Davis,  "who  will  read  the  poem."  The  lady  stepped 
to  the  velvet-covered  desk  upon  which  rested  the  telegraphic  key,  the  closing  of  which 
was  to  set  in  motion  the  massive  machinery.  In  a  voice  clear  and  distinct  and  a  fault- 
less enunciation  and  manner  Miss  Couthoui  read  "The  Prophecy."  At  its  conclusion 
there  was  a  roar  of  applause  characteristic  of  Americans-  it  was  warm,  hearty  and 
voluminous. 

THE   PROPHECY. 

Sadly  Columbus  watched  the  nascent  moon 
Drown  in  the  gloomy  ocean's  western  deeps, 
Strange  birds  that  day  had  fluttered  in  the  sails, 
And  strange  flowers  floated  round  the  wandering  keel. 
And  yet  no  land.     And  now,  when  thro'  the  dark 
The  Santa  Maria  leaped  before  the  gale, 
And  angry  billows  tossed  the  caravels 
As  to  destruction,  Gomez  Rascon  came 

261 


With  Captain  Pinzon  thro'  the  frenzied,  seas, 

And  to  the  admiral  brought  a  parchment  scroll, 

Saying-:   "  Good  master,  read  this  writing  here — 

An  earnest  prayer  it  is  from  all  on  board. 

The  crew  would  fain  turn  back  in  utter  fear; 

No  longer  to  the  pole  the  compass  points; 

Into  the  zenith  creeps  the  northern  star. 

You  saw  butyesterdpy  an  albatross 

Drop  dead  on  deck  beneath  the  flying  scud. 

The  devil's  wind  blows  madly  from  the  east 

Into  the  land  of  Nowhere,  and  the  sea 

Keeps  sucking  us  adown  the  maelstrom's  maw. 

Francisco  says  the  edge  of  earth  is  near. 

And  off  to  Erebus  we  slide  unhelmed. 

Last  Sunday  night  Diego  saw  a  witch 

Dragging  the  Nina  by  her  forechains  west 

And  mildly  dancing  on  a  Dolphin's  back; 

And,  as  she  danced,  the  brightest  star  in  heaven 

Slipped  from  its  leash  and  sprang  into  the  sea, 

Like  Lucifer,  and  left  a  trail  of  blood. 

I  pray  thee,  master,  turn  again  to  Spain 

Obedient  to  the  omens,  or,  perchance, 

The  terror-stricken  crew,  to  escape  their  doom 

May  mutiny  and  — 

"  Gomez  Rascon,  peace," 

Exclaimed  the  admiral.      "  Thou  hast  said  enough. 

Now,  prithee,  leave  me.     I  would  be  alone." 

Then  eagerly  Columbus  sought  a  sign 
In  sea  and  sky  and  in  his  lonely  heart, 
Finding,  instead  of  presages  of  hope, 
The  black  and  ominous  portents  of  despair. 

The  wild  winds  roared  around  him  and  he  heard 

Shrill  voices  cry  "Return;  return;  return;" 

He  thought  of  Genoa  and  dreams  of  youth, 

His  father's  warnings  and  his  mother's  prayers, 

Confiding  Beatrix  and  the  prattling  babe, 

The  life  and  mirth  and  warmth  of  old  Castile, 

And  tempting  comfort  of  the  peaceful  land, 

And  wild  winds  moaned,  ''Return;  return;  return." 

As  thus  he  mused  he  paced  the  after  deck 
And  gazed  upon  the  luminous  waves  astern. 
Strange  life  was  in  the  phosphorescent  foam, 
And  thro'  the  goblin  glow  there  came  and  went, 
Life  elfin  shadows  on  an  open  sea, 
Prophetic  pictures  of  the  land  he  sought. 

He  saw  the  end  of  his  victorious  quest — 
He  saw,  ablaze  on  Isabella's  breast. 
The  gorgeous  Antillean  jewels  rest — 
The  islands  of  the  west. 

He,  invading  Plenty,  dispossess 
Old  Poverty,  the  land  with  bounty  bless, 
And  thro'  the  wailing  caverns  of  distress 
Walk  star-eyed  Happiness. 
ZG'i 


He  saw  an  empire,  radiant  as  the  day, 
Harnessed  to  law,  but  under  Freedom's  sway, 
Proudly  arise,  resplendent  in  array, 
To  show  the  \vorld  the  way. 

He  saw  celestial  Peace  in  mortal  guise; 
And,  filled  with  hope  and  thrilled  with  high  emprise, 
Lifting  its  tranquil  forehead  to  the  skies, 
A  vast  republic  rise. 

He  saw,  beyond  the  hills  of  golden  corn, 
Beyond  the  curve  of  Autumn's  opulent  horn, 
Ceres  and  Flora  laughingly  adorn 
The  bosom  of  the  morn. 

He  saw  a  cloth  of  gold  across  the  gloom, 
An  arabesque  from  Evolution's  loom, 
And  from  the  barren  prairies  driven  spume 
Imperial  cities  bloom. 

He  saw  an  iron  dragon  dashing  forth 
On  pathways  East  and  West  and  South  and  North, 
Its  bonds  uniting  in  beneficent  girth 
Remotest  ends  of  earth. 

He  saw  the  lightning  run  an  elfin  race 
Where  trade  and  love  and  pleasure  interlace, 
And  severed  friends  in  Ariel's  embrace 
Communing  fay  to  fay. 

He  saw  Relief  thro'  deadly  dungeons  grope; 
Foes  turn  to  brothers;  black  despair  to  hope; 
And  cannon  rust  along  the  grassgrown  slope 
And  rot  the  gallows  rope. 

He  saw  the  babes  on  Labor's  cottage  floor — 
The  bright  wall  hung  with  luxury  more  and  more, 
And  Comfort,  radiant  with  abounding  store, 
Wave  welcome  at  the  door. 

He  saw  the  myriad  spindles  flutter  round: 
The  myriad  mill-wheels  shake  the  solid  ground 
The  myriad  homes  where  jocund  joy  is  found, 
And  love  is  throned  and  crowned. 

He  saw  exalted  Ignorance  under  ban, 
Though  panoplied  in  force  since  time  began 
And  Science,  consecrated,  led  the  van, 
The  providence  of  man. 

The  pictures  came,  and  paled,  and  passed  away, 
And  then  the  Admiral  turned  as  from  a  trance, 
His  lion  face  aglow,  his  luminous  eyes 
Lit  with  mysterious  fire  from  hidden  suns; 
"  Now,  Martin,  to  thy  waiting  helm  again, 
Haste  to  the  Pinta,  fill  her  sagging  sails. 
For  on  my  soul  hath  dawned  a  wondrous  sight. 
Lo!  thro'  this  segment  of  the  watery  world 
Uprose  a  hemisphere  of  glorious  life, 

263 


A  realm  of  golden  grain  and  fragrant  fruits. 
And  men  and  women  wise  and  masterful, 
Who  dwelt  at  peace  in  rural  cottages 
And  splendid  cities  bursting  into  bloom — 
Great  Lotus  blossoms  on  a  flowery  sea; 
And  happiness  was  there,  and  bright-winged  hope- 
High  aspiration,  soaring  to  the  stars; 
And  then  methought,  O  Martin,  thro'  the  storm 
A  million  faces  turned  on  me  and  smile. 
Now  go  we  forward — forward;  fear  avaunt: 
I  will  abate  no  atom  of  my  dream 
Though  all  the  devils  of  the  underworld 
Hiss  in  the  sails  and  grapple  to  the  keel. 
Haste  to  the  Pinta;  westward  keep  her  prow, 
For  I  have  had  a  vision  full  of  light; 
Keep  her  prow  westward  in  the  sunset's  wake 
From  this  hour  hence,  and  let  no  man  look  ba,ck. 
Then  from  the  Pinta's  foretop  fell  a  cry, 
A  trumpet  song:  '•  Light-ho!  Light-ho!  Light-ho!" 


DIRECTOR-GENERAL   DAVIS'    ADDRESS. 

Then  there  was  music,  the  orchestral  overture  "Rienzi,"  by  Wagner,  after 
which  the  director-general  arose  and  said: 

I  had  prepared  something  to  say  upon  this  momentous  occasion,  something  touching 
the  importance  and  scope  of  the  work  of  this  Exposition,  but  I  observed  this  swaying  mass 
of  humanity  are  anxious  to  hear  the  President,  the  representative  of  the  people  of  the 
United  States.  Still,  I  wish  to  say  a  little  something  of  our  efforts,  not  the  inspiration  of 
a  single  man,  of  a  single  person,  but  the  aggregate  efforts  of  a  people  enlisted  in  the  cele- 
bration of  a  great  event.  I  wish  to  compliment  tho  efforts  of  the  national  commission, 
composed  of  180  members  selected  from  every  State  in  the  Union  and  presided  over  by  T. 
W.  Palmer,  of  Michigan;  the  Illinois  corporation,  presided  over  by  President  H.  N.  Higin- 
botham,  and  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  presided  over  by  Mrs.  Potter  Paljaer,  all  of  whom 
have  faithfully  performed  their  duties  and  to  all  of  whom  your  thanks  are  due. 

The  department  of  finance,  composed  of  members  of  the  Illinois  corporation,  has,  with 
a  disinterestedness  remarkable,  with  courage  undaunted,  successfully  financed  the  EApo- 
sition  and  has  provided  for  the  great  work  upward  of  $20,000,000. 

The  department  of  works  and  its  many  bureaus  of  artists,  architects,  engineers  and 
builders  have  transformed  these  grounds,  which  twenty-one  months  ago  were  an  unsightly, 
uninviting  and  unoccupied  stretch  of  landscape,  into  the  beauty  and  splendor  of  to-day. 
They  have  conspicuously  performed  their  functions,  and  these  grand  avenues,  these  Venetian 
water  ways,  the  finished  landscape,  the  fountains  and  sculptures  and  colonnades  and  these 
grand  palaces  stand  out  as  a  monument  to  their  gsnius  and  their  skill,  supplemented  by 
the  labor  of  that  great  army  of  skilled  artisans  and  workmen,  all  citizens  of  this  republic. 

The  citizens  of  our  country  are  proud  of  the  action  of  the  congress  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  authorizing  and  directing  the  celebration  to  take  place,  for  the  appropriation 
of  more  than  $5,000,000  in  its  aid  and  for  tha  unswerving  support  and  encouragement  of 
the  officers  of  the  government. 

To  the  States  of  the  Union  we  are  largely  indebted  for  active  and  substantial  support. 
A  sum  in  excess  of  $6,000,000  has  been  raised  and  expended  by  States  and  Territories  for  the 
official  use  in  promoting  their  own  interests  cojointly  with  the  general  success  of  the 
Exhibition. 

To  the  foreign  nations  who  have  a  representation  upon  these  grounds  never  before 
witnessed  at  any  exposition,  as  shown  by  the  grand  exhibits  they  have  brought  here,  and 
the  hundreds  of  official  representatives  of  foreign  governments  who  are  present  on  this 

264 


occasion,  we  bow  in  grateful  thanks.  More  than  $0,000,000  has  been  officially  appropriated 
for  these  commissions  in  furtherance  of  their  participation  in  the  Exposition.  The  great 
nations  of  Europe  and  their  dependencies  are  all  represented  upon  these  grounds.  The 
governments  of  Asia  and  Africa  and  the  republics  of  the  western  hemisphere,  with  but  few 
exceptions,  are  here  represented . 

To  the  citizens  and  corporation  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  who  have  furnished  $11,000,000 
as  a  contribution,  and  in  addition  have  loaned  the  management  $5, 000, 000  more,  are  due 
the  grateful  acknowledgments  of  our  people  and  of  all  the  honored  guests  who  share  with 
us  the  advantage  of  this  great  international  festival. 

To  the  tens  of  thousands  of  exhibitors  who  have  contributed  in  a  larger  amount  than 
all  others  combined,  we  are  under  the  deepest  obligations  for  their  interest  and  co-oper- 
ation. 

To  the  women  of  Chicago  and  our  great  land,  whose  prompt,  spontaneous  and  enthu- 
siastic co-operation  in  our  -work  turned  the  eyes  of  the  world  toward  the  Exposition  as 
toward  a  new  star  of  the  east — an  inspiration  for  womanhood  everywhere — we  extend  our 
cordial  and  unstinted  recognition. 

And  now,  Mr.  President,  in  this  central  city  of  this  great  republic  on  the  continent 
discovered  by  Columbus,  whose  distinguished  descendants  are  present  as  the  honored 
guests  of  our  nation,  it  only  remains  for  you,  if  in  your  opinion  the  Exposition  here 
presented  is  commensurate  in  dignity  with  what  the  world  should  expect  of  our  great 
country,  to  direct  that  it  shall  be  opened  to  the  public,  and  when  you  touch  this  magic  key 
the  ponderous  machinery  will  start  in  its  revolution,  and  the  activities  of  the  Exposition 
will  begin. 

Scarcely  had  the  director-general  finished  when  President  Cleveland  arose,  and 
without  formal  introduction  gazed  for  a  moment  upon  the  great  multitude  before  him. 
His  face  was  wreathed  in  smiles  and,  turning  in  one  direction  and  then  another,  he 
was  greeted  with  tumultuous  applause.  He  courteously  acknowledged  the  plaudits  of 
the  multitude,  lifted  his  right  hand  in  an  effort  to  command  silence,  advanced  a  step 
nearer  the  east  edge  of  the  rostrum,  and  spoke  as  follows : 

I  am  here  to  join  my  fellow-citizens  in  the  congratulations  which  befit  this  occasion. 
Surrounded  by  the  stupendous  results  of  American  enterprise  and  activity  and  in  view 
of  magnificent  evidences  of  American  skill  and  intelligence,  we  need  not  fear  that  these 
congratulations  will  be  exaggerated.  We  stand  to-day  in  the  presence  of  the  oldest  nations 
of  the  world  and  point  to  the  great  achievements  here  exhibited,  asking  no  allowance  on 
the  score  of  youth.  The  enthusiasm  with  which  we  contemplate  our  work  intensifies  the 
warmth  of  the  greeting  we  extend  to  those  who  have  come  from  foreign  lands  to  illustrate 
with  us  the  growth  and  progress  of  human  endeavor  in  the  direction  of  a  higher  civiliza- 
tion. We  who  believe  that  popular  education  and  the  stimulation  of  the  best  impulses  of 
our  citizens  lead  the  way  to  a  realization  of  the  proud  national  destiny  which  our  faith 
promises,  gladly  welcome  the  opportunity  here  afforded  us  to  see  the  results  accomplished 
by  efforts  which  have  been  exerted  longer  than  ours  in  the  field  of  man's  improvements, 
while  in  appreciative  return  we  exhibit  the  unparalleled  advancement  and  wonderful 
accomplishments  of  a  young  nation,  and  present  the  triumphs  of  a  vigorous,  self-reliant 
and  independent  people.  We  have  built  these  splendid  edifices,  but  we  have  also  built  the 
magnificent  fabric  of  a  popular  government,  whose  grand  proportions  are  seen  throughout 
the  world.  We  have  made  and  here  gathered  together  objects  of  use  and  beauty,  the  pro- 
ducts of  American  skill  and  invention;  but  we  have  also  made  men  who  rule  themselves. 
It  is  an  exalted  mission  in  which  we  and  our  guests  from  other  lands  are  engaged,  as  we 
co-operate  in  the  inauguration  of  an  enterprise  devoted  to  human  enlightenment;  and,  in 
the  undertaking  we  here  enter  upon,  we  exemplify  in  the  nob.est  sense  the  brotherhood  of 
nations.  Let  us  hold  fast  to  the  meaning  that  underlies  this  ceremony,  and  let  us  not  loose 
the  impressiveness  of  this  moment.  As  by  a  touch  the  machinery  that  gives  life  to  this 
vast  Exposition  is  set  in  motion,  so  at  the  same  instant  let  our  hopes  and  aspirations  awaken 
forces  which  in  all  time  to  come  shall  influence  the  welfare,  the  dignity  and  the  freedom 
of  mankind. 


A  few  minutes  after  12  o'clock  the  President  concluded  his  speech  and  placed  his 
hand  on  the  gold  and  ivory  button.  A  second  later  he  pressed  it  down  and  the  World's 
Fair  was  open. 

Just  as  the  President  placed  his  hand  on  the  button  a  young  man  waved  his  hat 
and  from  800  flags taffs  fluttered  gay  banners  on  either  side  of  the  stand.  The  flags  of 
Spain  were  drawn  up,  while  from  the  center  pole  flew  an  enormous  star-spangled 
banner.  At  the  same  moment  the  veil  fell  from  the  golden  statue  of  Liberty  in  the 
lagoon  and  200  snow-white  doves  were  set  free  and  circled  over  the  waters.  The 
fountains  burst  forth  joyously,  while  from  the  revenue  cutter  Andy  Johnson  boomed 
the  first  gun  of  the  salute  of  twenty-one.  The  guns  belched  forth  and  the  steam 
launches  screamed  as  they  started  back  to  the  Administration  building,  and  the  crowd 
shouted  again  and  again. 


F.    WILLIS     RICE, 
Secretary  of  the  Fellowship  Club. 


266 


*    r 


267 


^z^^.^  ^^-^-^n: 


268 


GROVER     CLEVELAND. 


269 


WELCOMING   THE. 

DUKE.    OF    VERflGUfl. 


THE  DUKE  DE  VERAGUA,  the  illustrious  descendant  of  Christopher  Colum- 
bus, arrived  in  Chicago  on  April  29th,  and  was  received  with  fitting  honors. 
It  was  a  section  of  the  regular  limited  express  over  the  Pennsylvania  road 
that  bore  the  ducal  party  to  Chicago.  In  a  private  car  were  the  Duke  and  Duchess  de 
Veragua,  their  daughter,  the  Hon.  Maria  del  Pilar  Colon  y  Aguilera;  their  son,  Chris- 
tobal  Colon  y  Aguilera ;  the  Marquis  de  Barboles,  a  brother  of  the  duke ;  Pedro  Colon  y 
Bertadano,  son  of  Marquis  Barboles  and  nephew  of  the  duke;  Carlos  de  Aguilera,  a 
nephew  of  the  Duchess  de  Veragua;  Marquis  Villalobar,  the  Spanish  World's  Fair  com- 
missioner, and  numerous  attaches. 

At  Grand  Crossing  the  first  committee  of  reception  boarded  the  train.  This  was 
composed  of  Moses  Wentworth,  Hobert  Chatfield  Chatfield- Taylor,  William  E.  Curtis 
and  Huntington  W.  Jackson. 

The  general  reception  committee  was  composed  of  President  Thomas  W.  Palmer 
of  the  national  commission,  Commissioner-at- Large  Thomas  B.  Bryan,  Vice-President 
Ferd  W.  Peck  of  the  board  of  directors,  Henry  B.  Stone,  Charles  Henrotin,  Arthur 
Caton,  and  other  members  of  the  various  committees.  Mrs.  John  A.  Logan  was  pres- 
ent to  represent  the  board  of  lady  managers  and  to  specially  welcome  the  duchess. 
Colonel  Charles  P.  Bryan,  of  Governor  Altgeld's  staff,  was  present  to  represent  the 
governor.  Commissioner  of  Public  Works  Jones  was  there  to  represent  Mayor  Harri- 
son. Captain  Maus  and  Lieutenant  Chamberlain  were  on  hand  to  do  the  honors  for 
the  United  States  Army. 

As  the  duke  stepped  from  the  train  he  was  greeted  by  President  Palmer  with  the 
following  address  of  welcome: 

YOUR  GRACE:  The  pleasant  task  of  welcoming  you  on  your  arrival  has  been  assigned 
to  me,  and  I  do  so  in  the  name  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  of  the  representatives 
of  every  State  in  the  Union,  and  in  behalf  of  the  city  of  Chicago  (whose  mayor  will  later 
on  present  you  the  freedom  of  the  city),  in  the  name  of  the  great  State  of  Illinois,  in  the 
name  of  every  man,  woman  and  child  in  America. 

We  welcome  you  not  only  as  the  descendant  of  that  illustrious  man  who  gave  a  new 
world  to  Spain  and  to  humanity,  but  as  one  who,  in  his  own  time  and  generation,  and  in 
his  own  country,  has  achieved  a  position  of  the  highest  honor,  and  secured  the  regard  of 
his  countrymen  and  his  contemporaries  by  his  own  achievements  and  kindness  of  heart. 

We  believe  that  the  manifestation  of  pleasure  which  your  coming  will  elicit  will  be 
grateful  to  you  and  to  your  family.  We  believe  that  it  marks  an  epoch  in  civilization 
where  sentiment  shall  be  interwoven  with  practical  affairs,  and  that  the  event  will  become 
unique  in  history  and  of  increased  beneficence  in  its  results.  We  welcome  you  to  our 
homes  and  hearts,  and  though  the  expressions  of  good  feeling  may  at  times  be  burdensome, 
the  burden  is  of  that  character  which  may  be  lightly  borne,  for  it  comes  from  glad  and 
willing  hearts.  It  may  be  a  pleasure  to  you  when  you  return  to  the  beautiful  land  where 
you  were  born  and  where  you  reside,  and  which  is  so  full  of  historical  associations  and 

271 


chivalric  incident   that  you  have  had  a  nation  for  your  home  and  64,000,000    people  who 
offer  themselves  as  your  willing-  servants. 

The  sky  without  is  inclement,  but  the  sunshine  of  our  hearts  may  compensate  you  for 
the  foreboding  aspect  of  the  sky. 

Again,  your  Grace,  we  welcome  you  and  your  family  to  the  city  of  Chicago  and  to  this 
great  nation. 

The  duke  replied  in  a  few  well-chosen  words,  and  the  Duchess  de  Veragua  was 
then  brought  forward,  and  Mrs.  Logan  advanced  to  meet  her.  The  duchess'  face 
flushed  with  pleasure  as  Mrs.  Logan  gave  her  the  cluster  of  flowers  she  had  been 
carrying.  Mrs.  Logan  said  that  the  women  of  America  welcomed  the  ladies  of  the 
party  with  all  their  hearts.  The  duchess  speaks  but  little  English,  but  she  made  her- 
self understood  in  a  few  graceful  words  of  reply.  Other  members  of  the  ducal  party 
came  forward  and  were  presented. 

Mayor  Harrison  later  in  the  day  presented  the  duke  with  a  golden  key  represent- 
ing the  freedom  of  the  city.  The  mayor  said : 

YOUR  GRACE:  The  people  of  an  entire  hemisphere  recognize  that  the  debt  due  Chris- 
topho  Colombo  is  so  vast  that  it  can  never  be  paid.  The  United  States,  a  part  of  that  hem- 
isphere, a  country  more  powerful  than  was  the  whole  of  Europe  when  Columbus  lived, 
desirous  of  showing  their  appreciation  of  the  mighty  boon  he  conferred  upon  the  world, 
have  invited  you,  his  lineal  descendant,  to  become  their  guest  while  they  celebrate  the 
discovery  of  America  through  the  Columbian  Exposition. 

The  city  of  Chicago,  proud  of  what  the  Nation  has  done,  feeling  that  it  is  highly  hon- 
ored by  your  presence,  thereby  aiding  Americans  to  become  more  familiar  with  yoiir  great 
ancestor,  has  instructed  me,  its  chief  magistrate,  to  receive  you,  and  to  extend  to  you  its 
courtesies.  We  recognize  in  you  not  only  one  in  whom  the  blood  of  Christopho  Colombo 
flows,  but  one  who  has  contributed  largely  to  the  progress  and  improvement  of  your  king- 
dom and  of  your  countrymen. 

We  have  heard  that  you  are  deeply  interested  in  agriculture,  the  cornerstone  of 
WTestern  American  institutions  and  source  of  the  wealth  of  our  city;  that  you  have  been 
profoundly  interested  in  the  improvement  of  roads,  which  are  necessary  to  the  happiness 
and  prosperity  of  a  country;  but  above  all  that  you  have  been  devoted  to  the  educational 
affairs  of  your  people;  that  when  the  issue  arose,  whether  the  arms  or  the  school-teachers 
should  be  paid,  you  decided  in  favor  of  the  teachers,  for  you  know,  as  we  know,  that  peace 
has  its  victories  as  well  as  war. 

Holding  you,  therefore,  in  high  respect  because  of  your  lineage  and  because  of  your 
patriotic  achievements,  the  citizens  of  Chicago  direct  me,  their  chief  magistrate,  to  present 
to  you  the  freedom  of  the  ci^y.  This  presentation  confers  upon  you  no  tangible  privilege, 
but  it  does  confer  on  you  the  homage  of  our  citizens  and  the  freedom  of  their  homes  and 
hearts. 

Your  Grace,  I  welcome  you  to  Chicago  as  our  honored  guest,  and  will  speed  you  when 
you  feel  compelled  to  leave  us,  and  hope  that  you  will  find  on  your  return  your  country 
prosperous  and  your  home  a  happy  one. 

The  duke  accepted  the  book  and  key  with  a  graceful  bow,  and  in  response  to 
Mayor  Harrison's  presentation  said: 

When  I  received  the  invitation  to  attend  the  opening  of  the  World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition, I  did  not  realize  how  many  gratifications  \vere  awaiting  me  in  this  country. 

In  landing  on  the  continent  discovered  by  my  illustrious  ancestor,  my  heart  was  filled 
with  emotion  and  I  feared  that  I  would  not  be  able  to  meet  the  demands  incident  to  a  visit 
to  America  on  this  glorious  occasion.  But  now  that  I  am  in  the  midst  of  your  people,  the 
great  sympathy  and  good  will  with  which  you  greet  me  gives  me  strength  to  respond  to 
this  great  honor.  Chicago  confers  upon  me  the  freedom  of  a  city  that  in  twenty  years  has 
made  greater  growth  and  progress  than  the  greatest  city  in  the  world,  and  on  this  occasion, 
commemorating  the  wonderful  discovery  of  a  new  world,  honors  my  ancestor  and  myself. 

I  beg  you,  Mr.  Mayor,  to  express  my  gratefulness  to  the  citizens  of  Chicago.  With  all 
my  heart  I  thank  you  for  this  cordial  welcome. 

272 


f\RRIVf\L    OF    T-HE,    LIBERTY    BELL. 


ON  April  28,  1893,  the  famous  old  "Liberty  Bell"  of  Philadelphia  arrived  in 
Chicago,  and  it  was  conveyed  to  Jackson  Park  the  following  day. 
The  bell  was  received  with  the  greatest  enthusiasm  in  Chicago,  and  was 
wreathed  in  flowers  and  borne  to  the  park  on  a  triumphal  wagon  drawn  by  thirteen  jet- 
black  horses,  escorted  by  a  detachment  of  troops  and  the  City  Council  of  Chicago 

When  the  grounds  were  reached  the  bell  was  deposited  in  the  Pennsylvania  build- 
ing with  appropriate  ceremonies. 

Mayor  Stuart  of  Philadelphia  made  a  short  address,  in  which  he  referred  to  the 
continuous  ovation  that  greeted  the  old  bell  while  on  its  journey  to  Jackson  Park. 

Alderman  Kent,  chairman  of  the  committee  on  reception  of  the  bell,  responded  on 
behalf  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  Major  Harrison  not  being  able  to  be  present. 

John  "W.  Woodside,  commissioner  from  Pennsylvania,  spoke  as  the  representative 
of  President  Palmer  of  the  National  Commission.  Robert  Rae  made  an  eloquent 
speech  on  behalf  of  the  Sons  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  reception  came  to  a  close  with 
an  address  from  A.  B.  Farquhar,  executive  commissioner  from  Pennsylvania. 

HISTORY    OF    THE    BELL. 

November  1,  1751,  the  province  of  Pennsylvania  not  being  able  to  secure  in 
America  a  bell  of  the  size  needed  for  the  State  house,  the  superintendents  wrote  to  the 
colonial  agent  in  London,  ordering  one. 

The  order  was  in  accordance  with  the  resolution  of  the  colonial  assembly  of 
October,  16,  1751,  and  contained  the  following  instructions: 

"Let  the  beli  "be  cast  by  the  best  workmen  and  examined  carefully  before  it  is 
shipped,  with  the  following  words  well  shaped  in  large  letters  round  it,  viz. : 

"  By  order  of  the  Assembly  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  for  the  Statehouse  in  the  City  of  Phila- 
delphia, 1752. 

"  And  underneath: 

"  Proclaim  liberty  through  all  the  land  to  all  the  inhabitants  thereof. — Levit.,  xxv.,  10." 

The  bell  arrived  in  August,  1752,  but  in  the  following  month  it  was  cracked  by  a 
stroke  of  the  clapper  without  any  other  violence.  It  was  then  recast  by  a  Philadelphia 
firm  and  again  hung  in  1753.  This  recasting  was  not  satisfactory  and  the  founders, 
Pass  &  Stow,  obtained  the  privilege  of  recasting  the  bell,  and  it  was  again  recast  and 
hung  in  June  of  1753. 

August  27,1753,  the  bell  was  first  rung  to  call  the  assembly  together.  After  that 
it  was  rung  on  all  important  occasions  in  the  early  history  of  the  Nation.  Near  the 
noon  hour  of  July  8,  1776,  it  rang  out  the  proclamation  of  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. 

The  last  tolling  of  the  bell  was  on  July  8,  1835,  over  the  funeral  of  John  Mar- 
shall, chief  justice  of  the  United  States.  It  was  during  his  funeral  solemnities  that 
the  bell,  without  other  violence  than  that  of  being  slowly  tolled,  parted  its  side  and 
became  silent  forever. 

273 


In  1846,  in  order  to  use  the  liberty  bell  Washington's  birthday,  it  was  drilled  out 
in  a  futile  effort  to  restore  its  sound  by  enlarging  the  cause  of  its  dissonance,  but  on 
attempting  to  hang  it  the  crack  threatened  to  extend,  and  further  tinkering  was  then 
abandoned. 

The  journeys  of  the  liberty  bell  have  not  been  many.  When  the  American  forces, 
in  1777,  were  about  to  leave  Philadelphia,  the  bell  was  transported  to  Allen  town  to 
prevent  its  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  British.  After  the  evacuation  of  Philadelphia 
the  bell  was  brought  back  to  that  city. 

The  trip  of  the  liberty  bell  to  the  exposition  in  New  Orleans,  in  1885,  is  the  last 
event  of  historic  importance  in  its  history. 


H.     O.     EDMONDS,  W.     K.    ACKERMAIM, 

Secretary  of  the  W.  C.  Exposition.  Auditor  of  the  W.  C.  Exposition. 


W.     K.     CARLISLE, 
Attorney. 


JOHN     THORPE, 
Chief  of   Floriculture. 


274 


276 


OFFICIAL    DIRECTORY 


WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  COMMISSION. 


OFFICERS — President,  Thomas  W.  Palraer,  of  Michigan.  First  Vice-President,  Thos. 
M.  Waller,  of  Connecticut.  Second  Vice- President,  M.  H.  De  Young,  of  California.  Third 
Vice-President,  Davidson  B.  Penn,  of  Louisiana.  Fourth  Vice-President,  Gorton  W.  Allen, 
of  New  York.  Fifth  Vice-President,  Alexander  B.  Andrews,  of  North  Carolina.  Secre- 
tary, John  T.  Dickinson,  of  Texas.  Director-General,  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 
George  R.  Davis,  of  Illinois.  Vice-Chairman  Executive  Committee,  James  A.  McKenzie, 
of  Kentucky. 

COMMISSIONERS- AT-LARGE — Augustus  G.  Bullock,  Worcester,  Mass.  Gorton  W.  Allen. 
Auburn,  N.  Y.  Peter  A.  B.  Widener,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Thomas  W.  Palmer,  Detroit. 
Mich.  R.  W.  Furnas,  Brownville,  Neb.  William  Lindsay,  Frankfort,  Ky.  Henry  Exall, 
Dallas,  Tex.  Mark  L.  McDonald,  Santa  Rosa,  Cal. 

ALTERNATES — Henry  Ingalls,  Wiscasset,  Me.  Louis  Fitzgerald,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
John  W.  Chalfant,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.  James  Oliver,  South  Bend,  Ind.  Hale  G.  Parker,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.  Patrick  Walsh,  Augusta,  Ga.  H.  C.  King,  San  Antonio,  Tex.  Thomas  Burke, 
Seattle,  Wash. 

COMMISSIONERS    OF   THE   DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA. 

Alexander  T.  Britton,  Washington  ;  Albert  A.  Wilson,  Washington.  Alternates — E. 
Kurtz  Johnson,  Washington  ;  Dorsey  Clagett,  Washington. 

COMMISSIONERS     OF    THE    STATES. 

ALABAMA — Frederick  G.  Bromberg,  Mobile  ;  Oscar  R.  Hundley,  Huntsville.  Alternates — 
Gotthold  L.  Werth,  Montgomery;  William  S.  Hull,  Sheffield. 

ARKANSAS — John  D.  Adams,  Little  Rock ;  J.  H.  Clendening,  Fort  Smith.  Alternates — 
J.  T.  W.  Tillar,  Little  Rock  ;  Thomas  H.  Leslie,  Stuttgart. 

CALIFORNIA — Michel  H.  de  Young,  San  Francisco ;  William  Forsyth,  Fresno. 
Alternates — George  Hazleton,  San  Francisco  ;  Russ  D.  Stephens,  Sacramento. 

COLORADO — Roswell  E.  Goddell,  Leadville  ;  Jos.  H.  Smith,  Denver.  Alternates — Henry 
B.  Gillespie,  Aspen  ;  O.  C.  French,  New  Winsdor. 

CONNECTICUT— Leverett  Brainard,  Hartford  ;  Thomas  M.  Wraller,  New  London.  Alter- 
nates— Charles  F.  Brooker,  Torrington  ;  Charles  R.  Baldwin,  Waterbury. 

DELAWARE — George  V.  Massey,  Dover ;  Willard  Hall  Porter,  Wilmington.  Alternates^ 
Charles  F.  Richards,  Georgetown  ;  William  Saulsbury,  Dover. 

FLORIDA — C.  F,  A.  Bielly,  De  Land  ;  Richard  Turnbull,  Monticello.  Alternates — Dud- 
ley W.  Adams,  Tangerine  ;  Jssse  T.  Bernard,  Tallahassee. 

GEORGIA — Lafayette  McLaws,  Savannah  ;  Charlton  H.  Way,  Savannah.  Alternates — 
James  Longstreet,  Gainsville;  John  W.  Clark,  Augusta. 

IDAHO — George  A.  Manning,  Post  Falls;  George  E.  Stearns,  Nampa.  Alternates — A.  J. 
Crook,  Hailey  ;  John  M.  Burke,  Wrardner. 

ILLINOIS — Charles  H.  Deere,  Moline  ;  Adlai  T.  Ewing,  38  Montauk  Blk. ,  Chicago. 
Alternates — Lafayette  Funk,  Shirley ;  De  Witt  Smith,  Springfield. 

INDIANA — Thomas  E.  Garvin,  Evansville ;  Elijah  B.  Martindale,  Idianapolis.  Alter' 
nates — William  E.  McLean,  Terra  Haute  ;  Charles  M.  Travis,  Crawfordsville. 

279 


IOWA — Jos.  Eiboeck;  Des  Moines  ;  William  F.  King,  Mt.  Vernon.  Alternates — Clias.  N. 
Whiting-,  Whiting ;  John  Hays,  Red  Oak. 

KANSAS — Charles   K.  Holliday,  Jr.,  Topeka ;  J.    R.  Burton,  Abilene.      Alternates — M. 

D.  Henry,  Independence  ;  Frank  W.  Lanyon,  Pittsburg. 

KENTUCKY — John  Bennett,  Richmond  ;  James  A.  McKenzie,  Oak  Grove.  Alternates — 
David  N.  Comingore,  Covington  ;  John  S.  Morris,  Louisvil  Le. 

LOUISIANA — Davidson  B.  Penn,  Newellton  ;  Thomas  J.  Woodward,  New  Orleans. 
Alternates — Alphonse  Le  Due,  New  Orleans  ;  P.  J.  McMahon,  Tangipahoa. 

MAINE — Augustus  R.  Bixby,  Skowhegan  :  William  G.  Davis,  Portland .  Alternates — 
James  A.  Boardman,  Bangor  ;  Clark  S.  Edwards,  Bethel. 

MARYLAND — James  Hodges,  Baltimore ;  Lloyd  Lowndes,  Cumberland.  Alternates — 
George  M.  Upshur,  Snow  Hill ;  Daniel  E.  Conkiing,  Baltimore. 

MASSACHUSETTS— Fran  .iis  W.  Breed,  Lynn;  Thomas  E.  Proctor,  Boston.  Alternates — 
Geo.  P.  Ladd,  Spencer ;  Chas.  E.  Adams,  La  well. 

MICHIGAN — M.  Henry  Lane,  Kalamazoo  ;  George  H.  Barbour,  Detroit.  Alternates — 
Ernest  B.  Fisher,  Grand  Rapids  ;  Lyman  D.  Norris,  Grand  Rapids. 

MINNESOTA — H.  B.  Moore,  Duluth;  Orson  V.  Tousley,  Minneapolis.  Alternates — Thomas 
C.  Kurtz,  Moorhead  ;  Muret  N.  Leland,  Wells. 

MISSISSIPPI — Joseph  M.  Bynum,  Risnzi ;  Robert  L.  Saunders,  Jackson.  Alternates — 
Fred  W.  Collins,  Summit ;  Joseph  H.  Brinker,  West  Point. 

MISSOURI — Thomas  B.  Bullene,  Kansas  City;  Charles  H.  Jones,  St.  Louis.  Alternates — 
O.  H.  Picher,  Joplin  ;  R.  L.  McDonald,  St.  Joseph. 

MONTANA — Louis  H.  Hershfield,  Helena ;  Armistead  H.  Mitchell,  Deer  Lodge  City. 
Alternates — Benjamin  F.  White,  Dillon  ;  Timothy  E.  Collins,  Great  Falls. 

NEBRASKA — Euclid  Martin,  Omaha  ;  Albert  G.  Scott,  Kearney.  Alternates — William 
L.  May,  Fremont ;  John  Lauterbach,  Fairbury. 

NEVADA — James  W.  Hains,  Genoa;  George  Russell,  Elko.  Alternates — Enoch Strother, 
Virginia  City  ;  Richard  Ryland,  Reno. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE — Walter  Aiken,  Franklin  ;  Charles  D.  McDuffie,  Manchester.  Alter- 
nates— George  VanDyke,  Lancaster ;  Frank  E.  Kaley,  Milford. 

NEW  JERSEY — 'William  J.  Sewell,  Camden  ;  Thomas  Smith,  Newark.  Alternates — Fred- 
erick S.  Fish,  Newark ;  Edward  A.  Stephens,  Hoboken. 

NEW  York — Chauncey  M.  Depew,  New  York;  John  Boyd  Thacher,  Albany.  Alternates— 
James  II.  Breslin,  New  York;  James  Roosevelt,  Hyde  Park. 

NORTH  CAROLINA — Alexander  B.  Andrews,  Raleigh  ;  Thomas  R  Keogh,  Greensboro. 
Alternates — Elias  Carr,  Old  Sparta  ;  G.  A.  Bingham,  Salisbury. 

NORTH  DAKOTA — H.  P.  Rucker,  Grand  Forks;  Martin  Ryan,  Fargo.  Alternates — Charles 
H.  Stanley,  Steele ;  Peter  Cameron,  Tyner. 

OHIO — Harvey  P.  Platt,  Toledo ;  William  Ritchie,  Hamilton.  Alternates — Lucius  C. 
Cron,  Piqua  ;  Adolph  Pluemer,  Cincinnati. 

OREGON — Henry  Klippel,  Jacksonville  ;  Martin  Wilkins,  Eugene  City.  Alternates — J. 
L.  Morrow,  Heppner ;  W.  T.  Wright,  Union. 

PENNSYLVANIA — R.  Bruce  Ricketts,  Wilkes  Barre  ;  John  W.  Woodside,  Philadelphia. 
Alternates — George  A.  Macbeth,  Pittsburgh  ;  John  K.  Hallock,  Erie. 

RHODE  ISLAND — Lyman  B.  Goff,  Pawtuckett;  Gardner  C.  Sims. Providence.  Alternates— 
Jeffrey  Hazard,  Providence  ;  Lorillard  Spencer,  Newport. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA — A.  P.  Butler,  Columbia;  John  R.  Co3hran,  Walhalla.     Alternates — 

E.  L.   Roche,  Charleston;  J.  W.  Tindell,  Sumpter. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA — Merritt  H.  Day,  Rapid  City ;  William  Mclntyre,  Watertown.  Alter- 
nates— S.  A.  Ramsey,  Woonsocket ;  L.  S.  Bullard,  Pierre. 

TENNESSEE — Lewis  T.  Baxter,  Nashville;  Thomas  L.  Williams,  Knoxville.  Alternates — 
Rush  Strong,  Knoxville  ;  A.  B.  Hurt,  Chatanooga. 

TEXAS — Archelaus  M.  Cochran,  Dallas  ;  John  T.  Dickinson,  Austin.  Alternates — Lock 
McDaniel,  Anderson  ;  Henry  B.  Andrews,  San  Antonio. 

VERMONT — Henry  H.  Mclntyre,  West  Randolph;  Bradley  B.  Smalley,  Burlington. 
Alternates — Aldace  F.  Walker,  Rutland ;  Hiram  Atkins,  Montpelier. 

280 


VIRGINIA — Virginius  D.  Groner,  Norfolk  ;  John  T.  Harris,  Harrisonburg.  Alternates — 
Charles  A.  Heermans,  Christiansburg :  Alexander  McDonald,  Lynchburg. 

WASHINGTON — Henry  Drum,  Taaoma;  Charles  B.  Hopkins,  Spokane  Falls.  Alternates — 
George  F.  Cummin,  Cheny ;  Clarence  B.  Bagley,  Seattle. 

WEST  VIRGINIA — James  D.  Butt,  Harper's  Ferry  ;  J.  W.  St.  Clah%  Fayetteville.  Alter- 
nates— Wellington  Vrooman,  Parkersburg  ;  John  Corcoran,  Wheeling.' 

WISCONSIN — Phillip  Allen,  Jr.,  Mineral  Point;  John  M.  Coburn,  West  Salem. 
Alternates — David  W.  Curtis,  Fort  Atkinson  ;  Myron  Reed,  Superior. 

WYOMING — Asahel  C.  Beckwith,  Evanston  ;  Henry  G.  Hay,  Cheyenne.  Alternates — 
Asa  S.  Mercer,  Cheyenne;  John  J.  McCormick,  Sheridan. 

TERRITORIES. 

ALASKA — Edward  de  Groff,  Sitka  ;  Louis  L.  Williams,  Juneau.  Alternates — Carl 
Spuhn,  Killisno  ;  N.  A.  Fuller,  Juneau. 

ARIZONA — George  F.  Coats,  Phoenix;  W.  K.  Mead,  Tombstone.  Alternates — W.  L.  Van 
Horn,  Flagstaff;  Herbert  H.  Logan;  Phoenix. 

NEW  MEXICO — Thomas  C.  Gutierres,  Albuquerque ;  Richard  Mansfield  White,  Her- 
mosa,  Sierra  Co.  Alternates — L.  C.  Tetard,  East  Las  Vegas ;  Charles  B.  Eddy,  Eddy. 

OKLAHOMA— Othniel  Beescn,  El  Reno  ;  Frank  R.  Gammon,  Guthrie.  Alternates — John 
Wallace,  Oklahoma  City  ;  Joseph  W.  McNeal,  Guthrie. 

UTAH — Frederick  J.  Kiesel,  Ogde  a  ;  Patrick  H.  Lannan,  Salt  Lake  City.  Alternates — 
William  M.  Ferry,  Park  City  ;  Charles  Crane,  Kanosh. 

LADY  MANAGERS. 

President,  M^s.  Potter  Palmer,  of  Chica,go  ;  1st  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Ralph  Trautmann, 
of  New  York;  3d  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Edwin  C.  Burleigh,  of  Maine  ;  3d  Vice-President, 
Mrs.  Charles  Price,  of  North  Carolina :  4th  Vice-President,  Miss  Katherine  L.  Minor,  of 
Louisiana;  5th  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Beriah  Wilkins,  of  the  District  of  Columbia  ;  6th  Vice- 
President,  Mrs.  Susan  R.  Ashley,  of  Colorado ;  7th  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Flora  Beall 
Ginty,  of  Wisconsin;  8th  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Margaret  Elaine  Salisbury,  of  Utah  ;  Vice- 
President  at  Large,  Mrs.  Russell  B.  Harrison,  of  Montana  ;  Secretary,  Mrs.  Susan  Gale 
Cooke,  of  Tennessee. 

NOMINATED  BY  COMMISSIONERS- AT-LARGE. 

LADY  MANAGERS — Mrs.  D.  F.  Verdenal,  The  Dakota,  W.  72dSt.,  New  York  ;  Mrs.  Mary 
Cecil  Can  trill,  Georgetown.  Ky. ;  Mrs.  Mary  S.  Lockwood,  812,  12th  St.,  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
Mrs.  John  J.  Bagley,  Detroit;  Mich.;  Miss  Ellen  A.  Ford,  252  Broadway,  New  York;  Mrs. 
Mary  S.  Harrison,  Helena,  Montana  ,  Mrs.  Ida  Elkins  Tyler,  Bullit  Bldg. ,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.;  Mrs.  Rosine  Ryan,  Austin,  Texas. 

LADY  ALTERNATES — Mrs.  Ben  C.  Truman,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.;  Mrs.  Nancy  Huston 
Banks,  Morganfield.  Ky.;  Mrs.  James  B.  Stone,  137  Vernon  St.  Worcester,  Mass.;  Mrs. 
Schuyler  Coif  ax,  South  Bend,  Ind.;  Mrs.  Helen  A.  Peck,  3100  Troost  Ave.,  Kansas  City  ; 
Miss  Caroline  E.  Dennis,  Auburn,  N.  Y.;  Mrs.  George  R.  Yarrow,  2213  Green  St.,  Phila- 
delphia; Pa.;  Mrs.  Caroline  Willis  Ladd,  Galveston,  Texas. 

BY  COMMISSIONERS  FROM  THE  STATES. 

ALABAMA — Miss  Hattie  Toney  Hundley,  Mooresville  ;  Mrs.  Anna  M .  Fosdick,  Mobile. 
Alternates — Mrs.  Sallie  H.  Bush,  1917  Park  Avenue,  Birmingham  ;  Mrs.  Irene  W.  Sem- 
ple,  Montgomery. 

ARKANSAS — Mrs.  James  P.  Eagle,  Little  Rock;  Mrs.  Rollin  A.  Edgerton,  Little  Rock. 
Alternates — Mrs.  Mary  Gray  Dunlap  Rogers,  Fort  Smith;  Mrs.  William  B.  Empie, 
Newport. 

CALIFORNIA — Mrs.  Parthenia  P.  Rue,  Santa  Rosa ;  Mrs.  James  R.  Deane,1919  Califor- 
nia St.,  San  Francisco.  Alternates — Mrs.  Isaac  L.  Requa,  Piedmont;  Mrs.  Frona  E.  Wait, 
117  Jones  St.,  San  Francisco. 

COLORADO — Mrs.  Laura  P.  Coleman,  Buena  Vista",  Mrs.  Susan  R.  Ashley,  1460  Grant 
Ave.,  Denver.  Alternates — Mrs.  Annie  B.  Patrick,  Leadville  ;  Mrs.  M.  D.  Thatcher, Pueblo. 

881 


CONNECTICUT— Miss  Frances  S.  Ives,  478  Orange  St.,  New  Haven  ;  Mrs.  Isabella  Beecher 
Hooker,  Hartford.  Alternate* — Mrs.  Amelia  B.  Hinman,  Stevenson;  Mrs.  Virginia  T. 
Smith,  Hartford. 

DELAWARE — Mrs.  Mary  Richards  Kinder,  Milford  ;  Mrs.  J.  Frank  Ball,  503  West  12th 
Street,  Wilmington.  Alternates — Mrs.  Mary  E.  Tobert,  Milford;  Mrs.  Theodore  F..  Arm. 
strong,  Newark. 

FLORIDA — Mrs.  Mary  C.  Bell,  Gainsville  ;  Miss  E.  Nellie  Beck,  Tampa.  Alternates- 
Mrs.  Chloe  Merrick  Reed,  South  Jacksonville  ;  Mrs  H.  K.  Ingram,  Jacksonville. 

GEORGIA — Mrs.  William  H.  Felton.  Cartersville  ;  Mrs.  Charles  H.  Olmstead,  Savannah. 
Alternates — Miss  Meta  Telfair  McLaws,  Augusta  ;  Mrs.  George  W.  Lamar,  Savannah. 

IDAHO — Mrs.  Anna  E.  M.  Farnum,  Hauser  Junction;  Mrs.  Joseph  C.  Straughan, 
Boise  City.  Alternates — Mrs.  Louise  L.  Barton,  Moscow;  Mrs.  Ella  Ray  Miller,  Blackfoot. 

ILLINOIS — Mrs.  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  Elkhart ;  Mrs.  Frances  Welles  Shephard,  4445, 
Grand  Boulevard,  Chicago.  Alternates — Mrs.  Marcia  Louise  Gould,  Moline ;  Mrs.  Isabella 
L.  Candee,  Cairo. 

INDIANA — Miss  Wilhelmine  Reitz,  524  First  St.,  Evansville  ;  Mrs.  Virginia  C.  Meredith, 
Cambridge  City.  Alternates — Miss  Susan  W.  Ball,  Terra  Haute  ;  Miss  Mary  H.  Krout 
Crawfordsville. 

IOWA — Mrs.  Whiting  S.  Clark,  718  5th  St.,Des  Moines;  Miss  Ora  Elizabeth  Miller,Cedar 
Rapids ;  Alternates — Mrs.  Ira  F.  Hendricks,  Council  Bluffs  ;  Miss  Mary  B.  Hancock, 
Dubuque. 

KANSAS — Mrs.  Jennie  S.  Mitchell,  Topeka ;  Mrs.  Hester  A.  Hanback,  Topeka.  Alter- 
nates— Mrs.  Sarah  Blair  Lynch,  Leavenworth  ;  Mrs.  Jane  H.  Haynes,  Ft.  Scott. 

KENTUCKY — Miss  Jean  W.  Falkner,  Lancaster  ;  Mrs.  A.  C.  Jackson,  Covington. 
Alternates — Miss  Sarah  F.  Holt,  Frankfort ;  Mrs.  Alice  B.  Castleman;  1415  Fourth  Avenue, 
Louisville. 

LOUISIANA — Miss  Catherine  L.  Minor,  Houma;  Miss  Josephine  Shakspeare,470  Camp  St. 
New  Orleans.  Alternates — Mrs.  Bowling  S.  Leathers,  Steamer  Laura  Lee,  New  Orleans; 
Mrs.  Bell  Hamilton  Perkins,  109  Coliseum  St.,  New  Orleans. 

MAINE — Mrs.  Edwin  C.  Burleigh,  Augusta:  Mrs.  L.  M.  N.  Stevens,  Portland.  Alter- 
nates—Mrs,. Sarah  H.  Bixby,  Skowhegan  ;  Miss  Helen  M.  Staples,  Hanover. 

MARYLAND — Mrs.  William  Reed,  825  S.  Paul  St.,  Baltimore;  Mrs.  Alexander  Thomp- 
son, Mount  Savage.  Alternates — Mrs.  J.  Wilson  Patterson,  1012  'N.  Calvert  St.,  Baltimore  ; 
Miss  Eloise  Roman,  Cumberland. 

MASSACHUSETTS — Mrs.  Rufus  S.  Frost,  100  Bellingham  St.,  Chelsea  ;  Mrs.  Jonas  H. 
French,  128  Commonwealth  Ave.,  Boston.  Alternates — Mrs.  Alice  Freeman  Palmer,  Cam- 
bridge ;  Miss  Mary  Crease  Sears,  342  Marlborough  St. ,  Boston. 

MICHIGAN — Mrs.  Eliza  J.  Pendry  Howes,  Battle  Creek ;  Mrs.  Sarah  S.  C.  Angell,  Ann 
Arbor.  Alternates — Mrs.  Frances  P.  Burrows,  Kalamazoo  :  Miss  Anna  M .  Cutcheon,  20 
Adams  St.,  Detroit. 

MINNESOTA — Mrs.  Frances  B.  Clarke,  236  Summit  Ave.,  St.  Paul;  Mrs.  H.  F.  Brown, 
326  S.  7th  St. ,  Minneapolis;  Alternates — Mrs.  P.  B.  Winston,  Minneapolis  ;  Mrs.  M.  M.  Wil- 
liams, Little  Falls. 

MISSISSIPPI — Mrs.  James  W.  Lee,  Aberdeen;  Mrs.  John  M.  Stone,  Jackson.  Alternates — 
Mrs.  George  M.  Buchanan,  Holly  Springs  :  Miss  Varina  Davis,  Beauvoir. 

MISSOURI — Miss  Phoebe  W.  Couzins,  L.  L.  B.,  3509  Lendell  Avenue,  St.  Louis  ; 
Miss  Lillian  Mason  Brown,  Kirkwood  ;  Alternates — Mrs.  Patti  Moore,  15  W.  12th  St.,  Kan- 
sas City  ;  Mrs.  Annie  L.  Y.  Oroff,  St.  Louis,  care  of  Chaperone  Magazine. 

MONTANA — Mrs.  Eliza  Rickards,  Butte  City  ;  Mrs.  Clara  L.  McAdow,  Helena.  Alter- 
nates— Mrs.  Laura  E.  Howey,  Helena;  Mrs.  Mirian  D.  Cooper,  Bozeman. 

NEBRASKA — Mrs.  John  S.  Briggs,  2613  Douglas  St.;  Omaha;  Mrs.  E.  C.  Langworthy, 
Seward.  Alternates — Mrs.  M.  A.  B.  Martin,  Beatrice;  Mrs.  Lana  A.  Bates,  Aurora. 

NEVADA— Miss  Eliza  M.  Russell,  Elko ;  Mrs.  M.  D.  Foley,  Reno.  Alternates — Miss 
Mary  E.  Davies,  Genoa. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE — Miss  Mira  B.  F.  Ladd,  Lancaster:  Mrs.  Daniel  Hall,  Dover. 
Alternates — Mrs.  Frank  A.  Daniell,  Franklin  Falls  ;  Mrs.  Ellen  J.  Coles,  Lake  Village. 

282 


NEW  JERSEY — Miss  Mary  E.  Busselle,  67  Park  St.,  Newark  ;  Mrs.  Martha  B.Stevens, 
37  Park  St.,  Newark.  Alter  nates — Mrs.  Charles  W.  Compton,  239  S.  7th  St.  Newark  ;  Mrs. 
Amanda  M.  Smith,  37  Park  St.,  Newark. 

NEW  YORK — Mrs.  Ralph  Trautmann,  27  Beekman  Place,  New  York  City.  Alternates — 
Mrs.  John  Pope,  329  5th  Ave.,New  York  City;  Mrs.  A.  M.  Halmer,  25  E.  65th  St.,  New  York. 

NORTH  CAROLINA— Mrs.  George  Wilson  Kidder,  Wilmington  ;  Mrs.  Charles  Price,  Salis- 
bury; Alternates — Mrs.  Sallie  S.  Cotton,  Falkland:  Miss  Virginia  Stella  Divine,  Wilmington. 

NORTH  DAKOTA — Mrs.  S.  W.  McLaughlin,  Grand  Forks;  Mrs.  W.  D.  McConnell, 
Fargo;  Alternates — Mrs.  Alice  Vineyard  Brown,  Lisbon;  Mrs.  Frances  C.  Holly,  Bismarck. 

OHIO— Mrs.  Mary  A.  Hart,  158  E.  5th  St.,  Cincinnati;  Mrs.  Walter  Hartpence,  Har- 
rison. Alternates — Mrs.  Harriet  Taylor  Upton,  Warren  ;  Mrs.  Asa  S.  Bushnell,  Springfield. 

OREGON — Mrs.  E.  W.  Allen,  Portland;  Mrs.  Mary  Pay  ton,  Salem.  Alternates — Mrs. 
Anna  R.  Riggs,  Portland  ;  Mrs  Hattie  E.  Sladden,  Eugene. 

PENNSYLVANIA— Miss  Mary  E.  McCandless,  Hays  St.  and  Negley  A ve.,  Pittsburgh. 
Mrs.  Harriet  Anne  Lucas,  1913  Arch  St.,  Philadelphia ;  Alternates — Mrs.  Samuel  Plumer, 
Franklin  ;  Mrs.  W.  S.  Elkins.  1218  N.  Broad  St.,  Philadelphia. 

RHODE  ISLAND — Mrs.  Amay  M.  Starkweather,  Pawtucket ;  Miss  Charlotte  Field 
Dailey,  Providence;  Alternates — Mrs.  George  A.  Mumford,  Pawtucket;  Miss  Loraine  Pearce 
Bucklin,  163  Angell  St.,  Providence. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA — Miss  Floride  Cunningham,  Charleston ;  Miss  Ellery  M.  Brayton, 
Columbia.  Alternates — Miss  Carrie  A.  Perry,  Walhalla. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA — Mrs.  John  R.  Wilson,  Deadwoood  ;  Mrs.  Helen  Morton  Barker, 
Huron  ;  Alternates — Mrs.  Minnie  Daniels,  Watertown ;  Mrs.  Marie  J.  Gaston,  Deadwood. 

TENNESSEE — Mrs.    Laura   Gillesnie,  519   Cedar  St.,   Nashville;  Mrs.  Susan  Gale  Cooke, 
130  Hill  St.,   Knoxville  ;  Alternates — Mrs.  Carrington   Mason,  Memphis  ;  Mrs.  Chas  J.  Mc- 
Clung.  Knoxville. 

TEXAS — Mrs.  Ida  Loving  Turner,  Fort  Worth  ;  Mrs.  Mary  A.  Coakran,  Dallas.  Alter- 
nates— Miss  Hallie  Earl  Harrison,  Waco ;  Mrs.  Kate  Cawthon  McDaniel,  Anderson. 

VERMONT — Mrs.  Ellen  M.  Chandler,  Pomfret ;  Mrs.  Elizabeth  V.  Grinnell,  Burlington. 
Alternates — Mrs.  Minna  G.  Hooker,  Brattleboro ;  Mrs.  Theresa  J.  Cochrane,  Groton. 

VIRGINIA — Mrs.  John  Sergeant  Wise,  Richmond  ;  Mrs  K.  S.  G.  Paul,  Harrisonburgh. 
Alternates — Miss  Matttie  P.  Harris,  Stanton. 

WASHINGTON — Mrs.  Melissa  D .  Owings,  Olympia ;  Mrs.  Alice  Houghton,  Spokane 
Falls.  Alternates — Mrs.Chauncy  Wright  Griggs,  Tacoma;  Mss  Josephine  H.  Stimson,  Colfax. 

WEST  VIRGINIA — Mrs  W.  Newton  Linch,M  artinsburg ;  Miss  Lily  Irene  Jackson, 
Parkersburg.  Aternates — Mrs.  George  W.  Z.  Black,  Halltown  ;  Miss  Anna  M.  Mahan, 
Fayetteville. 

WISCONSIN — Mrs.  Flora  Beall  Ginty,  Chippewa  Falls  ;  Mrs.  William  P.  Lynde,  629 
Aator  St.,  Milwaukee;  Alternrtes — Mrs.  Sam  S.  Fifield,  Ashland;  Mrs.  J.  Montgomery 
Smith.  Mineral  Point. 

WYOMING — Mrs.  F.  H.  Harrison,  Evanston  ;  Mrs.  Frances  E.  Hale,  Cheyenne. 
Alternates — Mrs.  Elizabeth  A.  Stone,  Evanston  :  Miss  Gertrude  M  .  Huntington,  Saratoga. 

BY  COMMISSIONERS  FROM  THE  TERRITORIES. 

ALASKA — Mrs.  A.  K.  Delaney,  Juneau  ;  Mrs.  Alonzo  E  Austin,  Sitka.  Alternates — 
Miss  Maxwell  Stevenson,  Juneau  ;  Mrs.  Lena  Vanderbier,  Sitka. 

ARIZONA — Mrs.  Thomas  J.  Butler,  Prescott;  Miss  Laurettu  Lovell,  Tucson.  Alternates — 
Mrs.  George  Hoxworth,  Flagstaff  ;  Mrs.  H .  J.  Peto.  Tombstone. 

NEW  MEXICO — Mrs.  Franc  Luse  Albright.  Albuquerque ;  Mrs.  Edward  L.  Bartlett, 
Santa  Fe.  Alternates — Miss  Lucia  Paria,  Albuquerque;  Mrs.  Louise  Dakin  Campbell,  Eddy. 

OKLAHOMA — Mrs.  Maria  P.  Harmon  Beeson,  El  Reno;  Mrs.  Genevieve  Guthrie, 
Oklahoma  City.  Alternates — Mrs.  Julia  Wallace,  Oklahoma  City  ;  Mrs.  Mary  S.  McNeal, 
Guthrie. 

UTAH — Mrs.  Thomas  A .  Whalen,  Ogden  ;  Mrs.  Margaret  Blaine  Salisbury,  Salt  Lake 
City.  Alternates — Mrs.  Susie  B.  Emery,  Park  City  :  Miss  Maggie  Keough,  Salt  Lake  City. 

283 


BY  COMMISSIONERS  FROM  THE  DISTRICT  O*   COLU>i.biA. 

Mrs.  John  A  Logan,  Calumet  Place,  Washington ;  Mrs,  Bsriah  Wilkins,  1709  Mass- 
achusetts Ave  Washington.  Alternates — Mrs.  Emma  Dean  Powell.  910  "M"St.,N.  W. 
Washington  ;  Mrs.  Emma  C.  Wimsatt,  709  "C."  St.,  S.  W.  Washing-ton. 

BY  THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  COMMISSION,  FROM  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO. 

Mrs.  Bertha  M.  Honore  Palmer,  Lake  Shore  Drive  ;  Mrs.  Solomon  Thatcher,  Jr.,  River 
Forest;  Mrs.  James  A.  Mulligan,  190  Pine  St.,  Frances  Dickinson,  M.  D.,  70  State  St.; 
Mrs.  M.  R.  M.  Wallace,  3817  Michigan  Ave.;  Mrs.  Myra  Bradwell,  1428  Michigan  Ave.; 
Mrs.  James  R.  Doolittle,  Jr.,  24  Grove  land  Park;  Mrs.  Matilda  B.  Carse.  145  Ashland 
Boulevard.  Alternates — Mrs.  Sara  T.  Hallowell, 'Palmer  House  ;  Mrs.  George  L.  Dunlap, 
328  Dearborn  Ave. ;  Mrs  L.  Brace  Shattuck,  5300  Woodlawn  Ave. ;  Mrs.  Annie  C .  Meyers, 
Great  Northern  Hotel ;  Martha  H.  Ten  Eck,  5704  Madison  Ave.,  Mrs.  Margaret  Isabella 
Sandes,  Ravenswood,  111.,  Mrs.  Leander  Stone,  3353  Indiana  Ave.;  Mrs.  Gen'l.  A.  u.  Chet- 
]ain,  53G  N.  State  St.;  Frances  E.  Willard,  Evanston,  111. 

BOARD  OF  CONTROL  AND  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  EXHIBIT. 

Mr.  Edwin  Willits,  Chairman  ;  Sevellon  A.  Brown,  Chief  clerk  of  the  Department  of 
State,  to  represent  that  department ;  Allured  B.  Nettleton,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  to  represent  the  Treasury  Department;  Major  Clifton  Comly,  U.  S.  A.,  to  repre- 
sent the  War  Department;  Captain  R.  W.  Meade,  U.  S.  N.,  to  represent  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment: A.  D.  Hazen,  Third  Assistant  Post-Master  General,  to  represent  the  Postoffice  De- 
partment ;  Horace  A.  Taylor.  Commissioner  of  Railroads,  to  represent  the  Department  of 
the  Interior ;  Elijah  C.  Foster,  General  Agent  of  the  Department  of  Justice,  to  represent 
that  department;  Edwin  Willits,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  to  represent  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  ;  Professor  G.  Brown  Goode,  Assistant  Secretary  Smithsonian 
Institute,  to  represent  that  institution  and  the  National  Museum  :  .1.  W.  Collins,  Assist- 
ant-in-charge  Division  of  Fisheries,  to  represent  the  United  States  Fish  Commission. 


STATE     COMMISSIONERS. 


ORSON     V.    TOUSLEY, 
Minnesota. 

LYMAN      B.    GOFF, 
Rhode   Island. 


J.    W.     MAINE, 
Nevada. 

HARVEY     P.     PLATT, 
Ohio. 


WM.    J.    SEWELL, 
New  Jersey. 

GEO.     F.    COATES, 
Arizona. 


H.     B.     MOORE, 
Minnesota. 

LAFAYETTE     McLAWS, 
Georgia. 


284 


E.    C.    GULP,     Secretary. 
CHAS.    HENROTIN. 


COMMITTEE     ON     CEREMONIES. 

JAMES     W.     ELLSWORTH. 

P.   A.    B.    WIDENER,    Chairman. 

THOS.     B.     BRYAN. 

285 


WM.    P.    KETCHUM. 
JOHN     T.     DICKINSON. 


.^MBBB^, 


COMMITTEE     ON     CEREMONIES. 


A.     H.     REVELL. 

CHAS.    T.    YERKES. 


E.    F.     LAWRENCE. 
C.     H.     WACKER. 

286 


J 


W.     D.     KERFOOT. 
CHAS.     H.    SCHWAB. 


COMMITTEE     ON     CEREMONIES. 


JAMES     HODGES. 

GEO.     H.     BARBOUR. 

A.    T.    EWING. 


THOS.    B.    KEOGH. 

GORTON     W.    ALLEN. 

V.     D.    GRONER 


287 


STATE  COMMISSIONERS. 


L    Brainarcl,  Conn. 
M.  H.  Day,  S.  Dak. 
C.  D.  McDuffie,  N.  H. 
A.  B.  Andrews,  M.  C. 
H.  P.  Rucker,  N.  Dak. 


A.  G.  Scott,  Neb. 
R.  Turnbull,  Fla. 
H.  H.  Mclntyre,  Vt. 
D.  B.  Penn,  La. 
J.  M  Coburn,  Wis. 


288 


H.  G.  Hay,  Wyo. 
W.  F.  King,  Iowa. 
F.  R.  Gammon,  Oklo. 
R.  B.  Ricketts,  Pa. 
F.  G.  Bromberg,  Ala. 


J.  T.  W.  Tillar,  Ark. 
W.  H.  Porter,  Del. 
E.  Martin,  Neb. 
J.  Bennett.  Ky. 
O.  H.  Jones,  Mo. 


Joseph  F.  Byrium,  Miss. 
Geo.  V.  Massey,  Del. 
Robt.  U.  Furnas,  Neb. 
R.  L.  Saunders,  Miss. 
J.  A.  McKenzie,  Ky. 


STATE  COMMISSIONERS. 
A.  F.  Button,  Wash.,D.C.     J.  H.  Clendenning,  Ark. 


W.  K.  Meade,  Ariz. 
Win.  G.  Davis,  Maine. 


Wm.  Ritchie,  Ohio. 
A.  R.  Bixby,  Maine. 


Thos.  E.  Proctor,  Boston.     Henry  Drum,  Wash. 
C.  K.  Halliday,  Kan.  O.  R.  Hundley.  Ala. 


C.  F.  A.  Bielby.  Fla. 
Albert  A.  Wilson,  D.  C. 
Joseph  Eiboeck,  la. 
H.  E.  Exall,  Texas 
M.  H.  De  You  n  g,  <jal. 


289 


Wm.  Forsyth,  Cal. 

Geo.  Russell,  Nev. 

T.  B.  Bullene,  Mo. 

C.  H.  Deere,  III. 

Thos.  L.  Williams,  Tenn. 


STATE  COMMISSIONERS. 

C.  B.  Hopkins,  Wash.  R.  M.  White,  N.  M. 

Phil  Allen,  Jr.,  Wis.  T.  J.  Woodward,  La. 

Wm.  Zeckendorf,  Ariz.          Martin  Ryan,  N.  Dak. 
John  W.  Woodside,  Penn.     Thos.  Smith,  N.  J. 
T.  C.  Gutieres,  N.  M.  A.  C.  Beckwith,  Wyo. 

290 


W.  H.  Lane,  Mich. 
Thos.  E.  Garvin,  Ind. 

C.  H.  Way,  Ga. 

D.  W.  Mclntyre,  S.  Dak. 
R.  E.  Goodell,  Col. 


OFFICERS  BOARD  OF  LADY   MANAGERS. 

1.    Mrs.  Beriah  Wilkins,  Washington,  D.  C.  2.    Mrs.  Susan  R.  Ashley,  Colorado. 

4.     Mrs.  Susan  Gale  Cook,  Tennessee. 

3.    Mrs.  Charles  Price,  North  Carolina.  5.    Mrs.  Margaret  Elaine  Salisbury,  Utah. 

6.    Mrs.  F.  P.  Ginty,  Wisconsin. 

291 


LADY     COMMISSIONERS. 


Marian  A.  Mulligan, 

Chicago. 
Mrs.  L.  M.  Stevens, 

Maine. 
Mrs.  Alice  Houghton, 

Washington. 
Alice  J.  Whalen, 

Utah. 
Mrs.  Henry  M.  Shepard. 

Illinois. 


Mrs.  Nellie  Beck, 

Florida. 
Mrs.  J.  Sargent  Wise, 

Virginia. 
Mrs.  Franc  L.  Albright, 

New  Mexico. 
Mrs.  S.  Thatcher,  Jr.. 

Chicago. 
Mrs.  John  M.  Stone. 

Mississippi. 


Mary  Elliott. 

Pennsylvania. 
Mrs.  E.  L.  Bartlett, 

New  Mexico. 
Myra  Bradwell, 

Chicago. 
Mrs.  A.  Thomson, 

Maryland. 
Emrrn,  G.  Oglesty. 

Illinois. 


Mrs.  Charles  Price, 

North  Carolina. 
Mrs.  James  Doolittle. 

Chicago. 
Mrs.  E.  W.  Allen, 

Oregon. 
Virginia  Meredith, 

Indiana. 
Mrs.  W.  D.  McConnell, 

North  Dakot.i. 


292 


LADY    COMMISSIONERS. 


Mrs.  E.  J.  P.  Howes, 

Michigan. 
Mrs.  F.  P.  Ginty, 

Mississippi. 
Mrs.  W.  P.  Linde, 

Wisconsin. 
Mrs.  J.  H.  French, 

Massachusetts. 

Mrs.  Zena  Ryan, 
Texas. 


Mrs.  R.  A.  Edgerton, 

Arkansas. 
Mrs.  M.  D.  Owings, 

Washington. 
Mrs.  Annie  L.  Y.  Orff, 

Missouri. 
Mrs.  H.  J.  Hundley, 

Alabama. 
Miss  Lily  I.  Jackson, 

West  Virginia. 


Mrs.  Francis  Hale, 

Wyoming. 
Mrs.  R.  B.  Mitchell, 

Kansas. 
Mrs.  James  P.  Eagle, 

Arkansas. 
Mrs.  W.  S.  Clark, 

Iowa. 
Mrs.  K.  S.  G.  Paul, 

Virginia. 

293 


Mrs.  J.  M.  Ball, 

Delaware. 
Mrs.  Susan  R.  Ashley, 

Colorado. 
Mrs.  George  W.  Kidder, 

North  Carolina. 
Miss  Wilhelmine  Reitz, 

Indiana. 
Mrs.  Myra  B.  F.  Ladd, 

New  Hampshire. 


OFFICIAL    DIRECTORY 


WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


President,  Harlow  N.  Higinbotham;  1st  Vice  Pres.,  Ferdinand  W.  Peck;  2d  Vice  Pres., 
Robert  A.  Waller;  Secretary,  Howard  O.  Edmonds;  Assistant  Secretary,  Samuel  A.  Crawford; 
Treasurer  Anthony  F.  Seeberger;  Auditor,  William  K.  Ackerman;  Assistant  Auditor,  Charles 
V.  Barrington. 

LAW  DEPARTMENT — Attorney,  W.  K.  Carlisle;  Assistant  attorneys,  George  Packar,  Chas. 
H.  Baldwin;  Attorney  of  Ways  and  Means  Committee,  Joseph  Cummins. 

BOARD     OF    DIRECTOR^. 

William  T.  Baker,  Bobert  C.  dowry,  Charles  Henrotin, 

Edward  B.  Butler,  Arthur  Dixon,  Elbridge  G.  Keith, 

William  J.  Chalmers,  Lyman  J.  Gage,  Milton  W.  Kirk, 

George  R.  Davis,  Charles  L.  Hutchinson,  Andrew  McXally, 

George  P.  Englehard,  William  P.  Ketcham,  John  J.  P.  Odell, 

H.  N.  Higinbotham,  Theis  J.  Lefens,  Washington  Porter, 

William  D.  Kerfoot,  Robert  Nelson,  A.  M.  Rothschild, 

Edward  F.  Lawrence,  Eugene  S.  Pike,  Paul  O.  Stensland, 

Aclolph  Nathan,  Edward  P.  Ripley,  Edwin  Walker, 

Ferd  W.  Peck,  Charles  H.  Schwab,  John  C.  Welling, 

Alexander  H.  Re  veil,  Charles  H.  Wacker,  Charles  T.  Yerkes, 

George  Schneider,  Hempstead  WTashburne,  Mark  L.  Crawford, 

Henry  B.  Stone,  G.  H.  Wheeler,  Benjamin  B.  Lamb, 

Robert  A.  Waller,  Thomas  B.  Bryan,  Victor  F.  Lawson, 

Frederick  S.  Winston,  Isaac  N.  Camp,  Erskine  M.  Phelps, 

C.  K.  G.  Billings,  Charles  H.  Chappell,  James  W.  Scott, 

Benjamin  Butterworth,  James  W.  Ellsworth,  Otto  Young. 

STANDING  COMMITTEES. 

The  president  and  the  director  general  are  ex-officio  members  of  all  standing  committees 
of  the  directory. 

FINANCE — Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  Chairman;  Elbridge  G.  Keith,  Lyman  J.  Gage,  John  J. 
P.  Odell,  James  W.  Ellsworth. 

GROUNDS  AND  BUILDINGS — Henry  B.  Stone,  Chairman;  Lyman  J.  Gage,  Charles  H. 
Schwab,  Edward  F.  Lawrence,  William  P.  Ketcham,  Robert  C.  Clowry,  Erskine  M.  Phelps. 

LEGISLATION — Edwin  Walker.  Chairman;  Fred  S.  Winston,  Ferd.  W.  Peck,  Arthur 
Dixon. 

AGRICULTURE — William  D.  Kerfoot,  Chairman;  Thies  J.  Lefens,  George  Schneider, 
Isaac  N.  Camp,  Washington  Porter. 

MINES,  MINING  AND  FISH— Charles  H .  Schwab,  Chairman;  William  J.  Chalmers,  John 
C.  Welling,  Mark  L.  Crawford,  George  H.  Wheeler. 

PRESS  AND  PRINTING — Alexander  H.  Revell,  Chairman;  James  W.  Scott,  Milton  W. 
Kirk,  Victor  F.  Lawson,  George  Schneider,  R.  J.  Murphy,  Secretary. 

TRANSPORTATION — Edward  P.  Ripley,  Chairman;  Henry  B.  Stone,  John  C.  Welling, 
Charles  H .  Chappell,  Arthur  Dixon . 

FINE  AETS — Charles  L.  Hutchinson,  Chairman;  James  W.  Ellsworth,  Charles  T.  Yerkes, 
Elbridge  G.  Keith,  Thomas  B.  Bryan. 

294 


LIBERAL  ARTS — James  VV.  Ellsworth,  Chairman;  Robert  A.  Waller,  Alexander  H. 
Revell,  Isaac  N.  Camp,  NVm.  T.  Baker. 

ELECTRICITY,  ELECTRICAL  AND  PNEUMATICAL  APPLIANCES — Robert  C .  dowry,  Chairman, 
Charles  H.  Wacker,  Mark  L.  Crawford,  C.  K.  G.  Billing's,  Charles  L.  Hutchinson. 

MANUFACTURES  AND  MACHINERY — John  J.  P.  Odell,  Chairman;  Adolph  Nathan, 
Andrew  McNally,  A.M.  Rothschild,  Erskine  M.  Phelps. 

WAYS  AND  MEANS — Edward  B.  Butler,  Chairman;  Adolph  Nathan,  Edward  F.  Lawrence, 
Charles  H.  Wacker,  Wm.  J.  Chalmers,  Robert  A.  Waller,  Otto  Young,  George  Schneider, 
Edward  P.  Ripley,  Milton  W.  Kirk,  Washington  Porter,  Wm.  D.  Kerfoot,  Andrew  Mc- 
Nally, Sam  A.  Crawford.  Secretary. 

FOREIGN  EXHIBITS — Thies  J.  Lefens,  Chairman;  James  W.  Ellsworth,  Wm.  T.  Baker, 
Thomas  B.  Bryan,  Charles  H.  Wacker,  Charles  Henrotin. 

SPECIAL  COMMITTEE  ON  CEREMONIES— Edward  F.  Lawrence,  Chairman;  James  W.  Ells- 
worth, Charles  T.  Yerkes,  James  W.  Scott,  Alexander  H .  Revell,  Thomas  B.  Bryan, 
Charles  H.  Wacker,  William  D.  Kerfoot,  Charles  Henrotin,  William  P.  Ketcham,  Col.  E.  C. 
Culp,  Secretary. 

DEPARTMENT  CHIEFS — A.  Department  of  Agriculture:  William  I.  Buchanan,  Chief. 
Chicago.  B.  Department  of  Horticulture:  John  M.  Samuels,  Chief,  Chicago.  C.  Depart- 
ment of  Live  Stock:  E.  W.  Cottrell,  Chief,  Detroit,  Mich.  D.  Department  of  Fish  and 
Fisheries:  John  W.  Collins,  Chief,  Washington,  D.  C.  E.  Department  of  Mines  and 
Mining:  Frederick  J.  V.  Skiff,  Chief,  Chicago.  F.  Department  of  Machinery:  Lewis  W. 
Robinson,  Chief,  Chicago.  G.  Department  of  Transportation:  Willard  A.  Smith,  Chief, 
Chicago.  H.  Department  of  Manufactures:  James  Allison,  Chief,  Chicago.  J.  Depart- 
ment of  Electricity:  John  P.  Barrett,  Chief,  Chicago.  K.  Department  of  Fine 
Arts:  Halsey  C.  Ives,  Chief,  Chicago.  L.  Department  of  Liberal  Arts:  Selim  H.  Pea 
body,  Chief,  Chicago.  M.  Department  of  Ethnology:  Frederick  W.  Putnam,  Chief,  Cam 
bridge,  Mass.  N.  Department  of  Forestry:  Temporarily  in  charge  of  Chief  Buchanan, 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  O.  Department  of  Publicity  and  Promotion:  Moses 
P.  Handy,  Chief,  Chicago.  P.  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs:  Walker  Fearn,  Chief. 
Chicago.  Joseph  Hirst,  Secretary  of  Installation,  Chicago. 


DIRECTORS. 

EDWARD     B.     BUTLER.  A.     M.     ROTHSCHILD. 

R.     C.    CLOWRY.  WASHINGTON      PORTER.  PAUL    O.     STENSLAND. 


ELBRIDGE     G.     KEITH. 


CHAS      H.     CHAPPELL. 

296 


VICTOR     F.     LAWSON. 
I.    N.    CAMP. 


DIRECTORS. 

EUGENE     S.     PIKE. 
W.    J.     CHALMERS. 

FERD     W.    PECK. 

G.     H.    WHEELER. 


CHAS.     L.     HUTCHINSON. 
R.     L.     NELSON. 


297 


DIRECTORS. 

LYMAN     J.    GAGE.  BENJ.  BUTTERWORTH. 

WM.    T.     BAKER.  ARTHUR     DIXON.  A.     F.     SEEBERGER. 

MILTON     W.     KIRK.  GEO.    SCHNEIDER.  EDWARD     P.     RIPLEY. 

298 


J.    C.    WELLING. 
OTTO     YOUNG. 
EDWIN    WALKER. 


DIRECTORS. 

J.    J.    P.    ODELL. 
R.    A.    WALLER. 

299 


F.  S.  WINSTON. 


A.  McNALLY. 
ADOLPH  NATHAN. 


JAMES    ALLISON, 
Manufactures. 

F.    W.     PUTNAM, 
Ethnology. 

JNO.    W.     COLLINS, 
Fisheries. 


DEPARTMENT     CHIEFS. 

J.    M.    SAMUELS, 
Horticulture. 

SELIM     H.    PEABODY, 
Liberal  Arts. 

L.    W.     ROBINSON, 
Machinery. 


F.    J.    V.    SKIFF. 
Mines  and  Mining. 

JOHN      P.     BARRETT, 
Electricity. 

I.     BUCHANAN, 


WM. 


Agriculture. 


300 


OFFICIAL    DIRECTORY 

FOREIGN  COMMISSIONERS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC — Mr.  Carlos  R.  Gallardo,  Pesident  National  Commission;  Lieut- 
Juan  S.  Attwell,  Secretary  National  Commission;  Mr.  H.  D.  Hoskold,  Mr.  Gustavo  Nieder. 
lein,  Mr.  Eurique  M.  Nelson. 

AUSTRIA — Hon.  Anton  von  Palitsckek-Palmforst,  LL.  D.,  Imperial  Royal  Commissioner 
General;  Mr.  Alexander  Poppovics,  Assistant  Imperial  Royal  Commissioner;  Gaston  Bodart, 
LL.  D.,  Assistant  Imperial  Royal  Commissioner;  Mr.  Emil  Bressler,  Architect,  Imperial  Royal 
Commission;  Mr.  Hans  Temple,  Delegate  for  Fine  Arts;  Mr.  Victor  Piftwax,  Treasurer:  Mr. 
Josef  Grunwald,  Official  Commercial  Representative;  Mr.  Raphael  Kuhe,  Official  Com- 
mercial Representative;  Mr.  Emil  S.  Fischer.  Superintendent. 

BELGIUM — Mr.  Astere  Vercruysse,  Senator,  President  of  Commission;  Mr.  Alfred 
Simonis,  Senator,  Commissioner  General;  H.  E.  Alfred  Le  Ghait,  E.  E.  and  M.  P.;  Honorable 
Lambert  Tree,  Honorary  Counselor;  Mr.  Paul  Hagemans,  Consul  General,  Honorary  Mem- 
ber; Mr.  Charles  Henrotin,  Consul,  Honorary  Member;  M.  Edouard  Guerette,  Delegate  of 
the  Commissioner  General;  M.  Raymond  Vaxelaire,  Secretary  of  the  Commission;  M.  Ray- 
mond Le  Ghait,  Secretary  of  the  Commission;  Mr.  Andre  Simonis,  Secretary  of  the  Com- 
mission. 

BRAZIL — H.  E.  Marshal  Jose  Simeao  de  Oliveira,  President  National  Commission;  Dr. 
Ladislau  Netto,  Vice-President  National  Commission;  Mr.  Adolpho  Aschoff,  Secretary  of 
the  National  Commission;  Mr.  H.  J.  de  Paiva  Coutinho,  Baron  of  Marajo,  Commodore 
Innocencio  de  Lemos  Barros,  Capt.  Lieut.  Jose  Martins  de  Toledo,  Dr.  Julio  Caesar  Brandao, 
Mr.  Graciano  A.  de  Azambuja,  Lieut.-Col.  F.  M.  Souza  Aguiar,  Prof.  Rodolpho  Bernadelli, 
Mr.  M.  Aguiar  Moreira,  Dr.  Yozimo  Barrozo,  Mr.  Antonio  Guimaraes,  Lieut.  Joao  Baptista 
Da  Motta,  Capt.  Lieut.  Joao  Cordeira  da  Graca,  Lieut.  Antonio  de  Barros  Barreto;  Lieut. 
Alexandre  Leal,  Aide  to  President  of  Commission;  Mr.  Theobaldo  de  Souza  Lueiroz,  Aide 
to  Commission;  Mr.  F.  F.  Napoleao,  Aide  to  Commission;  Mr.  H.  Barjoua  de  Miranda,  Aide 
to  Commission. 

BRITISH  GUIANA — Mr.  J.  J.  Quelch. 

BULGARIA — Prof.  Vulko  I.  Shopoff,  Delegate. 

CANADA— Mr.  J.  S.  Larke,  Executive  Commissioner;  Mr.  A.  R.  C.  Selwyn,  C.  M.  G., 
LL.  D.,  Director,  Geological  survey;  Mr.  Wielbert  David  Dimock,  B.  A.  Secretary;  Mr.  L. 
Wolverton,  Superintendent  (Horticulture);  Mr.J.A.J.  Joulet,  Superintendent  (Agricultural 
Machinery);  Mr.  James  Clarke,  Superintendent;  Mr.  W.  Morton,  Superintendent  (Liberal 
Arts);  Mr.  C.  F.  Cox,  Superintendent  (Fish  and  Fisheries);  Mr.  J.  H.  Tracey,  Private  Secre- 
tary; Mr.  Charles  de  Gazes,  Assistant  Indian  Commissioner;  Mr.  S.  P.  May,  D.  C.  L.  Director 
for  Ontario  (Liberal  Arts);  Mr  Henry  Wade,  Private  Secretary;  Hon.  A.  C.  P.  R.  Landry, 
Commissioner  for  Quebec;  Rev.  P.  N.  Bruchesi,  Canon,  Advisory  Commissioner  for  Que- 
bec; Hon.  L.  Beaubien,  Advisory  Commissioner  for  Quebec;  Hon.  J.  G.  Joly  de  Lothiniere, 
Advisory  Commissioner  for  Quebec;  Mr.  S.  C.  Sterenson,  Advisory  Commissioner  for  Que- 
bec; Mr.  Wm.McIntosh,  Superintendent  for  Quebec  (Mines);  Hon.  W.  D.  Perley,  Commis- 
sioner for  Northwest  Territories;  Mr.  Alex  McKay,  Advisory  Commissioner;  Mr.  R.  W. 
Starr,  Advisory  Commissioner  for  Nova  Scotia;  Mr.  Charles  F.  Law,  Commissioner,  Province 
of  British  Columbia;  Mr.  N.  Awrey,  M.  P.  P.,  Commissioner  for  Ontario;  Mr.  D.  Ewart, 
Assistant  Architect,  Canadian  Department  Public  Works. 

CAPE  COLONY — Mr.  L.  Wiener,  Mr.  M.  Berliner,  Assistant  Commissioner;  Mr.  S.  Ber- 
liner, Secretary  to  Commission;  Mr.  J.  W.  Cundhill,  Superintendent. 

301 


CEYLON — Honorable  J.  J.  Grinlinton,  Mr.  W.  TV.  Pole  Fletcher,  Assistant  Commis- 
sioner. 

COLOMBIA — Mr.  T.  Paredes,  Special  Commissioner  for  Antioquia. 

COSTA  RICA — H.  E.  Sr.  D.  Manuel  M.  de  Peralta,  E.  E.  and  M.  P.,  Pres.  of  Commission; 
Senor  Dr.  Don  David  J.  Guzman,  Vice-President,  Commissioner  General;  Senor  D.  Joaquin 
Barnardo  Calvo,  Charge  d'  Affairs;  Senor  Don  Anastasio  Alfaro,  V.  Secy,  and  Com'r  Ar- 
chaeological Dept.;  Dr.  Francisco  J.  R.ucavado;  Commissioner-Treasurer;  Senor  Dr.  D. 
Felipe  Gallegos;  Senor  D.  Guillermo  Gerard. 

CURACAO — Mr.  Milton  O.  Higgins. 

DENMARK — Mr.  C.  Michelsen,  President  of  Commission;  Mr.  Emil  Meyer,  Commissioner 
General;  Mr.  Oscar  Matthiesen,  Commissioner  of  Fine  Arts;  Mr.  Otto  A.  Dreier,  Secretary; 
Mr.  Carl  Cortsen,  Chief  of  Installation;  Mr.  K.  Arne  Petersen,  Architect;  Mr.  Christian 
Nielsen,  Decorator;  Mr.  V.  Christensen,  Delegate;  Mr.  Bernhard  Hertz,  Delegate;  Mr.  II. 
A.  Kahler,  Delegate. 

ECUADOR — Colonel  M.  N.  Arizaga,  Secretary  of  Legation  and  Commissioner  General; 
Senor  Don  G.  Perez,  Secretary;  Senor  Don  T.  G.  Sanchez,  Mr.  L.  J.  Millet,  Mr.  E.  T.  God- 
dard,  Sub-Secretary. 

FRANCE — M.  Camille  Krantz,  Commissioner  General;  M.  Edmond  Bruwaert,  Consul 
General;  M.  Monthiers,  Secretary  General;  M.  Verstraete,  Vice-Consul;  M.  Heilman. 
Treasurer;  M.  Mascart,  Engineer,  Chief  of  Installation;  M.  Max  Duchanoy,  Attache;  Baron 
Ren6  de  Batz,  Attache;  M.  Lefeuvre  Meaulle,  Attache;  M.  Masure,  Attache;  M.  de  la 
Touanne,  Electrical  Engineer;  M-  Vassilliere,  Special  Commissioner;  M.  Roger-Martin, 
Assistant  Special  Commissioner;  M.  Mesnier,  Assistant  Special  Commissioner;  M.  Monteils, 
Special  Commissioner  of  Algeria;  M.  Scherer,  Secretary  for  Colonies;  M.  Roger  Ballu,  Com- 
missioner for  Fine  Arts;  M.  Giudicelli,  Assistant  Commissioner;  M.  Motte,  Architect, 
Decorator;  M.  Dubuisson,  Architect;  M.  Sandier,  Architect;  M.  Yvon,  Architect;  M.  T.  de 
Balincourt,  Lieut.  French  Navy,  Commanding  Sailors'  Detachment.  Secretaries  of  Com- 
mittees: M.  Maurice  de  Vilmorin,  Horticulture;  M.  Georges  Lamaille,  Bronzes,  Crystals, 
«tc. 

GERMANY — Honorable  Adoll  TVermuth,  Imperial  Commissioner;  Mr.  Franz  Berg, 
Assistant  Imperial  Commissioner;  Mr.  Carl  Hoffacker,  Architect;  Mr.  Johannes  Radke, 
Architect;  Mr.  Aug.  Fiedler,  Architect;  Mr.  Hugo  Schnars-Alquist,  Delegate  for  Fine  Arts; 
Mr.  Carl  Haller,  Engineer;  Mr.  Gustav  Spiess,  Member  for  Commercial  Affairs;  Mr.  George 
Franke,  Secretary,  Imperial  Commission;  Mr.  Fritz  Kuehnemann,  Mechanical  Engineer; 
Dr.  Lobach,  Electrical  Engineer;  Mr.  Conrad  Engel,  Bergassessor.  Council  of  Deputies: 
Mr.  Julius  Beissbarth,  Industry;  Mr.  Doehn,  Imperial  Postal  and  Telegraph  Exhibit;  Mr. 
Ehrhardt,  Civil  Engineer;  Director  Robert  Erhardt,  Metallurgical  Exhibit;  Professor 
Finkler,  Imperial  Educational  Exhibit;  Mr.  Richard  Fischer,  Chemical  Collective  Exhibit; 
Mr.  Paul  Gesell,  Royal  Saxon  Porcelain  Exhibit;  Mr.  Fritz  Graber,  Textile  Collective 
Exhibit;  Mr.  Gisbert  Gillhausen,  Gun  Exhibit;  Mr.  Hartmann,  Royal  Architect,  Engineer- 
ing Exhibit;  Mr.  Haueisen,  Chemical  Collective  Exhibit;  Mr.  Richard  Horstman,  Royal 
Prussian  Porcelain  and  Jewelry  Collective  Exhibits;  Professor  Hoffman,  Textile  Collective 
Exhibit;  Mr.  Franz  Jaffe,  Royal  Architect,  Imperial  Educational  Exhibit;  Dr.  Ulrich  Jahn, 
Ethnological  Exhibit,  "German  Village";  Dr.  Kallen,  Imperial  Educational  Exhibit;  Con- 
servator Kopp,  Bavarian  Industrial  Art  Exhibit;  Mr.  Lauter,  Civil  Engineer,  Gun  Exhibit; 
Mr.  Meyer,  Civil  Engineer,  Metallurgical  Exhibit;  President  O .  W.  Mysenburg,  Electrical 
Exhibit;  Mr.  Petri,  Royal  Architect,  Royal  Prussian  Railway  Exhibit;  Mr.  J.  Scheurer,  Civil 
Engineer,  General  Railroad  Exhibit;  Professor  Spatz,  Metallurgical  Exhibit;  Dr.  Albert  C. 
Weil,  Bathing  and  Mineral  Exhibit;  Professor  Dr.  Watzoldt,  Imperial  Educational  Exhibit; 
Dr.  Lichtenfelt,  Imperial  Educational  Exhibit;  Prof.  Goetz,  Art  Industrial  School,  Baden; 
Prof.  Kips,  Royal  Prussian  Porcelain  Exhibit;  Mr.  Friedrich  Dernburg,  Representa- 
tive German  Press;  Director  Dernburg,  Ethnological  Exhibit,  li  German  Village";  Mr.  Seitz, 
Industrial  Art  Exhibit;  Prof.  Riedler,  Engineering  Exhibit. 

GREAT  BRITAIN — Sir  Edward  Birkbeck,  Bart.,  Member  of  Royal  Commission,  Victoria 
House;  Mr.  James  Dredge,  Member  of  Royal  Commission;  Mr.  Walter  H.  Harris,  Member 
of  Royal  Commission;  Sir  Henry  Trueman  Wood,  Secretary;  Mr.  E.  H.  Lloyd,  Ass't  Sec'y 
and  Gen'l  Sup't;  Mr.  Ralph  A.  Harbord,  Private  Secretary;  Mr.  J.  W.  Beck,  Superintendent 

302 


(Fine  Arts);  Mr.  E.  H.  Fishbourne,  M.  A.,  LL.  B.,  Superintendent  (Manufactures);  Mr.  H. 
D.  Wilkinson,  M.  I.  E.  E.,  Superintendent  (Machinery,  etc.);  Mr.  Thomas  Baker,  Superin- 
tendent; Mr.  H.  W.  Pearson,  Superintendent. 

GREECE — Mr.  Charles  L.  Hutchinson,  President  Royal  Commission;  Mr.  D.  Jannopoulo. 

HAYTI — Hon.  Frederick  Douglass,  Commissioner;  Mr.  Charles  A.  Preston,  Mr.  Alfred 
Harrisse,  Secretary;  Mr.  Edward  F.  Preston,  Attache. 

ITALY — II.  E.  Marquis  Enrico  Ungaro,  Royal  Commissioner  General;  Count  P.  Savorg- 
nan  di  Brazza,  Dr.  Ettore  Candiani,  Signore  V.  Zegg'io,  Chev.  Thomas  Silombra,  Signor 
Angelo  del  Nero,  Commissioner  for  the  Fine  Arts;  Count  R.  Piola  Caselli,  General  Sec- 
retary; Chev.  L.  Caldarazzo,  Secretary;  Signor  G.  Vigna  dal  Ferro,  Secretary;  Chev.  L. 
D'Urso,  Secretary;  Chev.  G.  Guetta,  Official  General  Agent. 

JAMAICA — Hon.  Lieut. -Col.  C.  J.  Ward,  Mr.  George  Augustus  Douet,  Assistant  Commis- 
sioner; Mr.  Edmund  Haughton  Sanguinetti,  Secretary. 

JAPAN — H.  E.  Gozo  Tateno,  Vice-president  of  Commission;  Honorable  S.  Tegima,  Mr. 
C.  Matsudaira,  Mr.  M.  Kuru,  Official  Architect;  Mr.  T.  Uchida,  Secretary;  Mr.  II.  Ishizawa, 
Secretary;  Mr.  K.  Tawara,  Secretary;  Mr.  H.  Akiyama,  Secretary;  Mr.  Y.  Yambe,  Secre- 
tary. 

JOHOBE — Dato  Sri  Amar  d'  Raja,  C.  M.  G.  Secretary  of  H.  H.  the  Sultan;  Mr.  H.  W. 
Lake,  Deputy  Commissioner. 

LIBERIA — Hon.  William  E.  Rothery,  Commissioner;  Hon.  Alfred  B.  King,  Mr.  William 
C.  Brockmeyer,  Secretary. 

MEXICO — Senor  Lie.  Miguel  Serrano,  Delegate  General;  Engineer  Fernando  Ferrari 
Perez,  Secretary;  Senor  Lie.  Jose  F.  Godoy,  Auxiliary  Agent;  Senor  Don  M.  G.  Torres. 
Senor  Don  A.  D.  y  Hernandez,  Senor  Don  M.  H.  de  Azua,  Senor  Don.  A.  R.  Nuncia,  Senor 
Don  M.  de  las  Piedras,  Senor  Don.  Othon  de  Palacio  y  Magarola,  Senor  Don  M.  M.  Chabert. 
Senor  Don  Julio  Poulat,  Senor  Don  Rosendo  Sandoval,  Senor  Don  C.  Sellerier,  Senor  Don 
J.  D.  Fleury,  Senor  Don  Lauro  Viadas,  Senor  Don  F.  Atristain,  Senor  Don  R.  Escobar, 
Senor  Don  Rafael  Mallen,  Senor  Don  A.  M.  Chavez,  Prof.  Mariano  J.  Garfias,  Assistant 
Secretary;  Senor  Don  Jose  Oteo,  Senor  Don  M.  Caballero. 

NETHERLANDS — Mr.  George  Birkhoff,  Jr.,  Royal  Commissioner  General;  Mr.  Hubert 
Vos,  Acting  Commissioner  of  Fine  Arts. 

NEW  SOUTH  WTALES — Honorable  Dr.  Arthur  Renwick,  M.  L.  C.,  Executive  Commissioner; 
Mr.  Herbert  J.  Renwick,  Private  Secretary;  Mr.  Robert  Hudson,  J.  P.,  General  Super- 
intendent; Mr.  Thomas  Pugh,  Assistant  General  Superintendent;  Mr.  Alexander  Bruce,  J. 
P.,  Superintendent  (Stock);  Mr.  Joseph  E.  Carne,  F.  G.  S.,  Superintendent  (Mines);  Mr.  W. 
Fitzwilliam  Terry,  Superintendent  (Liberal  Arts);  Mr.  Joseph  F.  McGinness,  Secretary;  Mr. 
James  Martin,  M.  P.,  Mr.  C.  C.  Skarratt. 

NICARAGUA — Senor  Don  Horatio  Guzman,  E.  E.  and  M.  P. 

NOBWAY — Mr.  Chr.  Ravn,  Royal  Commissioner  General;  Mr.  Annas  C.  R.  Berle,  Secre- 
tary; Mr.  S.  A.  Buch,  Commissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries;  Mr.  Otto  Sinding,  Commissioner 
of  Fine  Arts;  Mr.  Torolf  Prytz,  Commissioner  of  Manufacture;  Mr.  N.  Kjelland,  Architect 
to  the  Royal  Commission;  Mr.  I.  K.  Boyesen,  Chairman  of  Royal  (Local)  Committee;  Mr.  O. 
A.  Thorp,  Secretary  Royal  (Local)  Committee. 

ORANGE  FREE  STATE — Mr.  E.  R.  Grobler,  Commissioner,  Foreign  Affairs  Department. 

PARAGUAY — Dr.  Cesar  Gondra,  E.  E.  and  M.  P.,  President  ad  honorem;  Dr.  Emil  Hass- 
ler,  Mr.  A.  R.  Sainte  Croix,  Mr.  Frederico  Fernandez,  Mr.  Fidel  G.  Pierra. 

PERSIA — Honorable  E.  Spencer  Pratt,  Commissioner  General;  Mr.  Clarence  Andrews, 
Assistant  Commissioner. 

PORTUGAL — Mr.  J.  M.  do  Outeiro  Ribeiro,  Adjunct  Commissioner;  Mr.  S.  Chapman 
•Simms,  Secretary. 

RUSSIA — H.  E.  Imperial  Chamberlain  P.  de  Gloukhovskoy,  Commissioner  General;  Mr. 
•Constantine  de  Rakouza-Soustcheffsky,  Mr.  A.  de  Tsherep-Spiridovitch,  Mr.  Alexis  de 
Kobellatzky,  Mr.  Robert  de  Lingen,  Mr.  A.  Zelenoy,  Mr.  Franz  Uthemann,  Mr.  Wladimir 
de  Weshniakoff,  Mr.  I.  Lebedkine,  Delegate;  Count  Rostovtzef,  Delegate;  Prof.  William 
Williams,  Delegate;  Mr.  A.  Roppet,  Architect. 

SIAM — Phra  Suriya  Nuvatr,  Royal  Commissioner;  Hon.  Isaac  Townsend  Smith,  Consul 
•General;  Luang  Nephat  Kulaphongs,  Assistant  Royal  Commissioner. 

303 


SPAIN — H.  E.  Sr.  Don  E.  Dupuy  cte  Lome,  Minister  Plenipotentiary,  Royal  Commis- 
sioner General;  Senor  Don  A.  G.  del  Campillo,  Secretary;  Don  Rafael  Puig-y  Vails,  Civil 
Engineer;  Don  Juaquin  Pavia,  Architect;  Capt.  Don  Juan  de  Cologan,  Royal  Engineers; 
Lieut.  Don  Juan  Ibarreta,  Royal  Navy;  Don  Rosendo  Fernandez,  Delegate;  The.  Marquis 
of  Villalobar,  Attache;  Don  Manuel  Perez  Seoane,  Attache;  Mr.  HobartC.  Chatfield-Taylor, 
Consul;  Don  Jaime  Parlade,  Treasurer,  Don  Juan  Vilardell,  Attache;  Don  Juan  Espina, 
Assistant  Commissioner. 

SWEDEN — Mr.  Arthur  Leffler,  Royal  Commissioner;  Mr.  Axel  Welin,  Secretary;  Mr. 
Tom  Bergenda",  Special  Commissioner;  Mr.  Robert  Lindblom,  Resident  Commissioner; 
Baron  Nils  Po  se,  Special  Commissioner;  Mr.  Victor  E  Rohdin,  Official  Commercial  Repre- 
sentative; Mr.  Gust  Wickman,  Architect;  Mr.  Anders  L.  Zorn,  Special  Commissioner. 

SWITZERLAND — Mr.  James  Perrenoud,  Executive  Commissioner;  Mr.  Arnold  Holinger. 

TRINIDAD — Mr.  Harry  Vincent,  Executive  Commissioner. 

TURKEY — Ibrahim  Hakky  Bey,  Ahmed  Fahri  Bey,  Mr.  Hohanness  J.  Pushman,  Secre- 
tary; Mr.  Z.  J.  Sweeny,  Mr.  F.  D.  Thompson. 

URUGUAY — Senor  Don  Prudencio  de  Murguiondo,  President;  Don  L.  Rodriguez  Diez, 
Special  Commissioner;  Don  Alberto  Gomez  Ruano,  Dr.  Don  Eduardo  Chucarro,  Don  Ricardc 
Huges. 

VENEZUELA — Dr.  Francisco  E.  Bustamante,  President  ad  honorem;  Dr.  David  Lobo. 
Secretary;  Dr.  Manuel  Vicente  Toledo.  Mr.  J.  M.  Larralde,  Mr.  Jacinto  Lopez,  Dr.  H.  Rivero 
Saldivia,  Consul  General;  Mr.  J.  A.  Sanchez,  Mr.  A-  S.  Baker,  Mr.  Manuel  Cadenas,  Dr.  A. 
Ernst,  in  charge  of  relics,  etc. 


LOUISIANA     STATE     BUILDING. 


304 


FROM     TOP     OF     MANUFACTURES     BUILDING. 


HORTICULTURAL     BUILDING. 

305 


OFFIGlf\L    DIRECTORY. 


STATE    BOARDS    OF    WORLD'S    FAIR    MANAGERS. 


ARIZONA — Gen.  "W.  O.  O'Neil,  president,  Prescott;  L.  C.  Hughes,  secretary,  Tucson;  R.  C. 
Brown,  treasurer,  Tucson  ;  S.  P.  Behan,  Prescott. 

ARKANSAS — John  D.  Adams,  president,  Little  Rock  ;  J.  H.  Clendening,  vice-president,  Fort 
Smith  ;  George  R.  Brown,  secretary,  Little  Rock  ;  M.  F.  Locke,  corresponding  secretary,  Little 
Rock  ;  John  G.  Fletcher,  treasurer,  Little  Rock ;  Gov.  James  P.  Eagle,  Little  Rock ;  J.  D. 
Kimbell,  Hot  Springs ;  H.  E.  Kelley,  Fort  Smith  ;  J.  M.  Lucey,  Pine  Bluff ;  L.  Minor,  Newport. 

CALIFORNIA — Irving  M.  Scott,  president,  San  Francisco ;  James  D.  Phelan,  vice-president, 
San  Francisco ;  Thomas  H.  Thompson,  secretary  and  general  manager,  San  Francisco ;  John 
Daggett,  Black  Bear ;  R.  McMurray,  San  Francisco ;  A.  T.  Hatch,  San  Francisco ;  L.  J.  Rose, 
Los  Angeles  ;  S.  W.  Ferguson,  Bakersfield. 

COLORADO — Gov.  John  L.  Routt,  president,  Denver;  A.  B.  McKinley,  vice-president,  Denver ; 
O.  C.  French,  secretary,  67  Barclay  Block,  Denver ;  Joseph  A.  Thatcher,  treasurer,  Pueblo ; 
B.  S.  LaGrange,  Greeley  ;  Alexander  Shaw,  Denver;  Frederick  Steinhauer,  Denver;  Nathan  B. 
Coy,  Denver. 

CONNECTICUT — Gov.  Morgan  G.  Bulkeley,  president,  Hartford ;  David  M.  Read,  vice-presi- 
dent, Bridgeport ;  Eugene  S.  Boss,  vice-president,  Willimantic ;  George  H.  Woods,  executive 
commissioner,  Hartford  ;  Wilbur  B.  Foster,  secretary,  Rockville ;  John  D.  Earle,  treasurer, 
New  Haven  ;  Edward  T.  Brown,  New  London  ;  Clinton  B.  Davis,  Higganum  ;  George  H.  Day, 
Hartford ;  Rufus  E.  Holmes,  West  Winsted ;  Charles  M.  Jarvis,  East  Berlin  ;  Oscar  I.  Jones, 
AVestport ;  S.  W.  Kellogg,  AVaterbury  ;  Charles  S.  L.  Marlor,  Brooklyn  ;  Frank  A.  Mitchell, 
Norwich  ;  Thomas  R.  Pickering,  Portland ;  Milo  B.  Richardson,  Lime  Rock ;  George  Sykes, 
Rockville. 

BOARD   OF   LADY   MANAGERS. 

Mrs.  Morgan  G.  Bulkeley,  president,  Hartford ;  Mrs.  George  H.  Knight,  secretary,  Lake- 
ville ;  Mrs.  Jabez  H.  Alvord,  Winsted  ;  Mrs.  P.  T.  Barnum,  Bridgeport ;  Miss  Hattie  E.  Brai- 
nard,  AA7illimantic  ;  Miss  Anna  H.  Chappell,  New  London  ;  Miss  Clementine  D.  Clark,  Higga- 
num ;  Mrs.  Franklin  Farrell,  Ansonia ;  Mrs.  A.  R.  Goodrich,  Vernon ;  Mrs.  Wealthea  A. 
Hammond,  Portland  ;  Mrs.  P.  H.  Ingalls,  Hartford  ;  Mrs.  Cyril  Johnson,  Stafford  ;  Miss  Edith 
Jones,  AVestport ;  Miss  Elizabeth  T.  Ripley,  Norwich  ;  Miss  Lucy  P.  Trowbridge,  New  Haven  ; 
Mrs.  E.  T.  AVhitmore,  Putnam. 

DELAWARE — Thomas  B.  Smith,  president,  Wilmington ;  George  W.  Emery,  vice-president, 
Seaford  ;  AVilliam  R.  Allaband,  secretary,  Dover  ;  R.  W.  Reynolds,  treasurer,  Frederica  ;  R.  R. 
Kenney,  executive  commissioner,  Dover  ;  Henry  C.  Conrad,  Wilmington ;  Matthias  T.  Moore, 
Laurel ;  Mrs.  Caleb  Churchman,  Wilmington  ;  Miss  Ida  Bacon,  Laurel ;  Mrs.  Anna  E.  Hall, 
Dover  ;  the  governor  of  the  state. 

FLORIDA — Arthur  C.  Jackson,  Jacksonville  ;  Joseph  Hirst,  Chicago. 

IDAHO— James  M.  Wells,  commissioner,  Boise  City  ;  Alliene  Case,  secretary,  Boise  City. 

ILLINOIS — La  Fayette  Funk,  president,  Shirley ;  David  Gore,  vice-president,  Carlinville ; 
AVilson  C.  Garrard,  secretary,  18  Montauk  Block,  Chicago  ;  John  W.  Bunn,  treasurer,  Spring- 
field ;  John  P.  Reynolds,  director-in-chief,  Chicago  ;  J.  Irving  Pearce,  Chicago  ;  J.  Harley 
Bradley,  Chicago;  AVilliam  Stewart,  Chicago  ;  Byron  F.  AVyman,  Sycamore;  A.  B.  Hostetter, 
Mount  Carroll ;  Samuel  Dysart,  Franklin  Grove ;  W.  D.  Stryker,  Plainfield  ;  John  Virgin, 
Fairbury  ;  D.  AV.  Vittum,  Canton  ;  E.  B.  David,  Aledo  ;  AV.  H.  Fulkerson,  Jerseyville  ;  J.  W. 
Judy,  Tallula ;  S.  AV.  Johns,  Decatur ;  E.  E.  Chester,  Champaign ;  James  K.  Dickerson, 
Lawrenceville  ;  Edward  C.  Pace,  Ashley  ;  B.  Pullen,  Centralia  ;  J.  M.  AVashburn,  Marion. 

INDIANA — Governor  Ira  J.  Chase,  Indianapolis  ;  Clem  Studebaker,  president,  South  Bend  ; 
Charlf-s  B.  Stuart,  vice-president,.  La  Fayette ;  William  B.  Roberts,  secretary,  Indianapolis ; 
Fred  J.  Hayden,  treasurer,  Fort  AVayne  ;  B.  F.  Havens,  executive  commissioner,  Indianapolis  ; 
Robert  Mitchell,  Princeton  ;  Philip  \V.  Frey,  Evansville  ;  Joseph  AVilson,  Washington  ;  Royal 
E.  Purcell,  Vincennes ;  Jaspar  Packard,  New  Albany  ;  Sidney  Conger,  Flat  Rock  ;  Cortez 
Ewing,  Greensburg;  Edward  Hawkins,  Indianapolis  ;  Daniel  H.  Davis,  Knightsville ;  John  G. 
Dunbar,  Greencastle  ;  D.  J.  Mendenhall,  AVestfield  ;  J.  V.  Sweetser,  Marion  ;  J.  M.  Westcott, 
Richmond ;  Thomas  Hart,  Muncie ;  AV.  N.  Hailman,  La  Porte ;  B.  F.  Louthain,  Logansport ; 
J.  B.  White,  Fort  Wayne  ;  John  L.  Campbell,  Crawfordsville  ;  John  B.  Conner,  Indianapolis  ; 
W.  A.  Banks,  La  Porte  ;  S.  S.  Gorby,  Indianapolis  ;  AV.  A.  Peele,  Jr.,  Indianapolis;  Mrs.  May 
Wright  Sewall,  Indianapolis  ;  Mrs.  S.  S.  Harrell,  Brookville  ;  Mrs.  Laura  D.  Worley,  Elletsville ; 
Mrs.  E.  P.  Hammond,  Rensselaer. 

306 


IOWA — James  O.  Crosby,  president,  Garnavillo  ;  John  F.  Buncombe,  vice-president,  Fort 
Dodge  ;  F.  N.  Chase,  secretary,  Cedar  Falls  ;  William  H.  Dent,  treasurer,  Le  Mars ;  S.  H. 
Mallory,  Chariton  ;  J.  W.  Jarnagin,  Montezuma ;  H.  W.  Seaman,  Clinton  ;  Henry  Stivers, 
Des  Moines ;  Charles  Ashton,  Guthrie  Center ;  S.  B.  Packard,  Marshalltown  ;  Theodore 
Guelich,  Burlington  ;  Miss  Ora  E.  Miller,  president  lady  managers,  Cedar  Rapids. 

KANSAS — A.  W.  Smith,  president,  Groveland ;  A.  S.  Johnson,  vice-president,  Topeka; 
W.  H.  Smith,  secretary,  Topeka  ;  Samuel  T.  Howe,  treasurer,  Topeka ;  Fred  Wellhouse,  Fair- 
mont ;  W.  A.  Harris,  Linwood  ;  R.  W.  Sparr,  Lawrence  ;  E.  H.  Brown,  Girard  ;  William  Simp- 
son, Norton ;  O.  B.  Hildreth,  Newton ;  Mrs.  Lewis  Hanback,  Topeka ;  Mrs.  R.  B.  Mitchell, 
Topeka. 

KENTUCKY — W.  H.  Dulaney,  president,  Louisville ;  Young  E.  Allison,  secretary,  Louisville  ; 
Dr.  J.  D.  Clardy,  Newstead  ;  J.  D.  Black,  Barboursville  ;  John  W.  Yerkes,  Danville. 

LADY    MANAGERS. 

Mrs.  Susan  Phillips  Brown,  president,  Owensboro ;  Miss  Ida  Elmore  Symmes,  secretary, 
Louisville  ;  Miss  Lucy  Lee  Hill,  Lexington. 

LOUISIANA — A.  A.  Woods,  president,  New  Orleans  ;  Joseph  A.  Shakespeare,  vice-president, 
New  Orleans ;  Robert  Bleakley,  secretary,  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  New  Orleans ; 
James  M.  Pagaud,  treasurer,  New  Orleans. 

LADIES'  AUXILIARY  BOARD. 

Mrs.  Belle  H.  Perkins ;  Mrs.  Scott  McGehee,  vice-chairman  ;  Mrs.  Joseph  H.  Oglesby, 
secretary  ;  Mrs.  W.  W.  Carre,  treasurer. 

MAINE — Hall  C.  Burleigh,  president,  Vassalboro  ;  Henry  Ingalls,  vice-president,  Wiscasset ; 
Eva  A.  Parcher,  secretary,  Saco  ;  James  A.  Boardman,  treasurer,  Bangor ;  Charles  P.  Mattocks, 
executive  commissioner,  Portland  ;  Clark  S.  Edwards,  Bethel ;  Augustus  R.  Bixby,  Skowhegan  ; 
William  G.  Davis,  Portland  ;  D.  J.  Callahan,  Lewiston  ;  Joseph  P^  Bass,  Bangor.  Lady  Mana- 
gers and  Alternates — Mrs.  Kate  May  Andrews,  Lewiston  ;  Mrs.  Lucinda  M.  Bellows,  Freedom ; 
Mrs.  Agnes  C.  Paul,  Fort  Fairfield. 

MARYLAND  —  Gov.  Frank  Brown,  president,  Annapolis;  Ferdinand  C.  Latrobe,  vice- 
president,  Baltimore ;  J.  Olney  Norris,  secretary,  34  Chamber  Commerce,  Baltimore  ;  Frank 
S.  Hambleton,  treasurer,  Baltimore ;  David  Hutzler,  Baltimore  ;  Frank  N.  Hoen  Baltimore  ; 
Mrs.  William  Reed,  Baltimore  ;  Frank  R.  Scott,  Elkton  ;  James  T.  Perkins,  Upper  Marlboro; 
H.  H.  Dashiell,  Princess  Anne  ;  Joseph  Baker,  Frederick  ;  Murray  Vandiver,  Havre  de  Grace. 

MASSACHUSETTS — Gen.  John  W.  Corcoran,  chairman,  Clinton  ;  E.  C.  Hovey,  secretary, 
Brookline ;  Edward  Burnett,  Southboro  ;  Mrs.  Alice  F.  Palmer,  Cambridge  ;  Miss  Anna  L. 
Dawes,  Pittsfield. 

MICHIGAN— Isaac  M.  Weston,  president,  Grand  Rapids  ;  Eugene  H.  Belden,  vice-president, 
Horton ;  Mark  W.  Stevens,  secretary,  Flint ;  James  W.  Flynn,  treasurer,  Detroit ;  Gov.  E.  B. 
Winans,  Lansing ;  Mrs.  Julia  A.  Pond,  Hillsdale ;  Mrs.  J.  S.  Valentine,  Lansing ;  Peter  White, 
Marquette. 

MINNESOTA — D.  A.  Montfort,  president,  St.  Paul ;  J.  La  Due,  vice-president,  Luverne ; 
C.  McC.  Reeve,  secretary,  Minneapolis  ;  J.  J.  Furlong,  treasurer,  Austin  ;  A.  L.  Ward,  Fairmont ; 
George  N.  Lamphere,  Moorhead  ;  O.  V.  Tousley,  Minneapolis ;  H.  B.  Moore,  Duluth  ;  Gov. 
William  R.  Merriam,  ex-officio,  St.  Paul. 

MISSOURI — N.  H.  Gentry,  president,  Sedalia ;  Nathan  Frank,  vice-president,  St.  Louis ; 
Charles  W.  Green,  secretary,  Kansas  City;  Dr.  E.  McD.  Coney,  treasurer,  Platte  City;  J.  K. 
Gwynn,  executive  commissioner,  St.  Louis ;  William  Dawson,  New  Madrid ;  H.  H.  Gregg, 
Joplin  ;  Hugh  J.  McGowan,  Kansas  City ;  Mrs.  Patti  Moore,  Kansas  City ;  Mrs.  J.  N.  Edwards, 
St.  Joseph  ;  Mrs.  Teresa  B.  Adams,  St.  Louis  ;  S.  P.  Sparks,  Warrensburg. 

MONTANA — Stephen  De  Wolfe,  president,  Butte  ;  Allan  R.  Joy,  vice-president,  Livingston  ; 
James  G.  Ramsey,  secretary,  Helena ;  David  G.  Browne,  treasurer,  Fort  Denton  ;  W.  M. 
Bickford,  executive  commissioner,  Missoula ;  Phil  Lovell,  Dillon  ;  Herbert  0.  Chowen,  Great 
Falls ;  E.  H.  Johnson,  Miles  City ;  Alfred  J.  Stephens,  Lewistown  ;  A.  K.  Yerkes,  Bozeman  ; 
Thomas  Joyes,  Boulder ;  A.  J.  Davidson,  Helena ;  D.  A.  Pease,  Twin  Bridges  ;  William  H. 
Sutherlin,  White  Sulphur  Springs ;  George  M.  Hayes,  Billings;  George  W.  Morse,  New  Chicago. 

NEBRASKA — Charles  A.  Coe,  president,  Omaha;  A.  H.  Gale,  secretary,  Bassett ;  Joseph 
Garneau,  Jr.,  commissioner  general,  Omaha ;  M.  H.  Weiss,  Hebron ;  A.  J.  Sawyer,  Lincoln  ; 
Seth  P.  Mobley,  Grand  Island  ;  J.  B.  Steward,  Benedict. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE— Charles  H.  Amsden,  president,  Penacook  ;  George  F.  Page,  vice-president, 
Concord  ;  Thomas  J-.  Walker,  secretary,  Plymouth ;  Frank  M.  Rollins,  treasurer,  Manchester  ; 
Elijah  M.  Shaw,  executive  commissioner,  Nashua. 

NEW  JERSEY — Stephen  J.  Meeker,  president,  Newark  ;  Edward  Bettle,  vice-president, 
Camden ;  Walter  S.  Lenox,  secretary  and  treasurer,  Trenton;  John  G.  Muirheid,  assistant 
secretary,  Trenton  ;  Peter  Hauck,  Harrison;  John  C.  Smock,  Trenton  ;  Millard  F.  Ross,  New 
Brunswick  ;  Garrett  A.  Hobart,  Paterson  ;  Peter  E.  Swartsweller,  Belvidere. 

NEW  MEXICO — W.  T.  Thornton,  president,  Santa  Fe ;  Miguel  Salazar,  vice-president,  Las 
Vegas  ;  VV.  H.  H.  Llewellyn,  secretary,  Las  Cruces ;  E.  V.  Chavez,  treasurer,  Socorro ;  National 
Commissioners  and  Alternates. 

NEW  YORK — Chauncey  M.  Depew,  president,  New  York  ;  Gorton  W.  Allen,  vice-president, 
Auburn  ;  John  Foord,  secretary,  Albany  ;  Donald  McNaughton,  chief  executive,  Albany  ;  John 
Boyd  Thatcher,  Albany ;  Samuel  W.  'Fairchild,  New  York ;  Richard  Delafield,  New  York  , 
C.  Meyer,  Jr.,  New  York  ;  Daniel  M.  Somers,  Brooklyn ;  Henry  Seibert,  Brooklyn  ;  William 

-•*''  307 


H.  Rowe,  Jr.,  Troy  ;  Manley  B.  Mattice,  Catskill ;  John  T.  Norton,  Albany  ;  Thomas  J.  Whit- 
ney, Gouverneur  ;  George  S.  Weed,  Plattsburg ;  Edward  Ellis,  Schenectady  ;  John  F.  Gaynor, 
Fayetteville ;  Walter  N,  Kernan,  Utica  ;  George  B.  Sloan,  Oswego ;  George  F.  O'Neil, 
Binghamton ;  Hugh  Duffey,  Cortland;  Robert. H.  Thurston,  Ithaca;  William  S.  Kimball, 
Rochester  ;  Henry  Stowell,  Seneca  Falls  ;  Edwin  C.  Cook,  Bath  ;  Willard  T.  Ransom,  Lockport; 
Henry  L.  Koons,  Buffalo  ;  Henry  W.  Box,  Buffalo  ;  Louis  M.  Rowland,  New  York  ;  Walter  L. 
Sessions,  Jamestown  ;  Charles  A.  Sweet,  Buffalo ;  James  W.  Tappin,  New  York. 

-  NORTH  CAROLINA — W.  F.  Green,  president,  Franklinton  ;  T.  K.  Bruner,  secretary  and 
Com.  of  Ex.,  Raleigh  ;  P.  L.  Patterson,  Yadkin  Valley  ;  W.  R.  Capehart,  Avoca  ;  W.  E. 
Stevens,  Clinton  ;  J.  S.  Murrow,  Center;  J.  F.  Payne,  Alma;  A.  Leazer,  Mooresville;  J.  B. 
Coffield,  Everetts  ;  Dr.  C.  D.  Smith,  Franklin ;  W.  R.  Williams,  Falkland ;  Governor  Thomas 
Holt,  ex-officio,  Raleigh. 

NORTH  DAKOTA— H.  C.  Southard,  president,  Fargo  ;  A.  C.  Labrie,  secretary,  Grand  Forks ; 
R.  S.  Tyler,  executive  manager,  Fargo  ;  W.  C.  Plummer,  Casselton  ;  P.  B.  Wickham,  Mandan  ; 
F.  L.  Goodman,  Hillsboro. 

OHIO — W.  W.  Peabody,  president,  Cincinnati  ;  Charles  M.  Anderson,  vice-president, 
Greenville;  W.  T.  Alberson,  secretary,  Columbus;  Lewis  N.  Bonham,  treasurer,  Columbus: 
Daniel  J.  Ryan,  executive  commissioner,  Columbus  ;  Albert  Schwill,  Cincinnati ;  James  W. 
See,  Hamilton ;  Charles  M.  Harding,  Franklin  ;  David  Hall,  Bloom  Center ;  A.  O.  Jones, 
Zanesville ;  A.  C.  Cummins,  Mansfield  ;  D.  L.  Wadsworth,  Wellington  ;  L.  E.  Holden,  Cleve- 
land ;  William  Edwards,  Cleveland;  H.  G.  Baker,  Defiance  ;  P.  M.  Cullinan,  New  Lexington  ; 
Harvey  P.  Platt,  Toledo  ;  William  Ritchie,  Hamilton  ;  Mrs.  Mary  Hart,  Anderson's  Ferry  ; 
Mrs.  Walter  Hartpence,  Harrison. 

OKLAHOMA — Gov.  A.  J.  Seay,  president,  Guthrie  ;  Mort.  Bixler,  vice-president,  Norman  ; 
H.  C.  St.  Clair,  treasurer,  Kingfisher  ;  Matty  B.  Kelso,  secretary,  El  Reno  ;  J.  M.  Holit,  Beaver 
City ;  Miss  May  I.  Overstreet,  Beaver  City  ;  Mrs.  Mort.  Bixler,  Norman  ;  Mrs.  H.  C.  St.  Clair, 
Kingfisher  ;  E.  L.  Hallock,  Guthrie  ;  Mrs.  C.  M.  Barnes,  Guthrie  ;  Dr.  R.  Holloman,  Oklahoma 
City;  Mrs.  A.  M.  Holloman,  Oklahoma  City;  J.  E.  Sater,  Stillwater;  Mrs.  J.  E.  Sater, 
Still  water  ;  Rev.  J.  Buchanan,  Chandler  ;  Mrs.  J.  Buchanan,  Chandler  ;  Dr.  Kirk,  Tecumseh  ; 
Mrs.  Kirk,  Tecumseh. 

PENNSYLVANIA — Gov.  R.  E.  Pattison,  president,  Harrisburg;  Lt.-Gov.  L.  A.  Watres,  vice- 
president,  Scranton  ;  R.  E.  Wright,  secretary,  Harrisburg;  J.  S.  Dillinger,  assistant-secretary, 
Harrisburg;  Rodney  A.  Mercur,  treasurer,  Towanda;  A.  B.  Farquhar,  executive  commissioner, 
Harrisburg;  Edw.  A.  Bigler,  Clearfield ;  Albert  J.  Barr,  Pittsburgh  ;  Luther  S.  Bent,  Steelton ; 
Thomas  Bradley,  Philadelphia  ;  Robert  L.  Brownfield,  Philadelphia  ;  John  I.  Carter,  Chatham; 
W.  W.  Clendenin,  New  Castle  ;  L.  C.  Davis,  Philadelphia ;  Lewis  Emery,  Jr.,  Bradford ;  P. 
Foley,  Pittsburgh;  J.  P.  S.  Gobin,  Lebanon;  James  M.  Guffey,  Pittsburgh  ;  J.  K.  P.  Hall,  St. 
Marys;  William  Hasson,  Oil  City;  Joel  A.  Herr,  Cedar  Springs;  Mrs.  Thomas  M.  Jones, 
Harrisburg;  H.  J.  McAteer,  Alexandria;  Simon  Muhr,  Philadelphia;  Robert  Purvis,  Phila- 
delphia; George  N.  Riley,  McKeesport;  A.  G.  Roenigk,  Pittsburgh;  A.  W.  Taylor,  Phila- 
delphia ;  C.  C.  Thompson,  Warren  ;  Joseph  C.  Walker,  Gap ;  Benjamin  Whitman,  Erie  ;  E.  H. 
Williams,  Philadelphia  ;  Roger  S.  Searle,  Montrose  ;  M.  B.  Williams,  Wilkes  Barre ;  Thomas 
P.  Merritt,  Reading  ;  William  B.  Gill,  Philadelphia. 

RHODE  ISLAND — E.  Benjamin  Andrews,  president,  Providence ;  Arthur  H.  Watson,  vice- 
president,  Providence ;  Charlotte  F.  Dailey,  secretary  and  treasurer,  Providence ;  John  C. 
Wyman,  executive  commissioner,  Providence ;  Frank  G.  Harris,  Newport ;  ;Hiram  Howard, 
Providence;  Walter  A.  Peck,  Providence ;  Marsden  J.  Perry,  Providence  ;  Daniel  B.  Pond, 
Woonsocket;  Richard  Thornley,  Greenwich. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA — A.  P.  Butler,  president,  Hamburg;  J.  A.  Enslow,  vice-president, 
Charleston;  Frederick  A.  Sale,  secretary,  Columbia  ;  W.  J.  Murray,  treasurer,  Columbia;  John 
R.  Cochran,  Walhalla;  Thomas  W.  Holloway,  Pomaria  ;  R.  A.  Love,  Chester;  E.  R.  Mclver, 
uarlinerton ;  Mrs.  H.  C.  Brayton,  lady  vice-president,  Columbia ;  Mrs.  Clark  Waring,  Columbia; 
Miss  Floride  Cunningham,  Charleston;  Mrs.  Johnson  Hagood,  Barnwell;  Mrs.  C.  A.  Wood, 
Marion  ;  Mrs.  John  W.  Lewis,  Charleston. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA — L.  G.  Ochsenreiter,  president,  Webster ;  Charles  E.  Hinds,  vice-president, 
Woonsocket;  Oliver  Gibbs,  Jr.,  secretary,  Ramsey ;  W.  W.  Taylor,  treasurer,  Redfield ;  T.  H. 
Brown,  Sioux  Falls ;  W.  M.  Powers,  Yankton  ;  P.  F.  McClure,  Pierre ;  F.  T.  Evans,  Hot 
Springs ;  Sol.  Stair,  Deadwood  ;  C.  V.  Gardner,  Piedmont. 

TEXAS — H.  B.  Andrews,  San  Antonio ;  William  F.  Ladd,  first  vice  president,  Galveston ; 
A.  C.  Herndon,  second  vice-president,  Houston  ;  D.  D.  Bryan,  secretary,  Galveston ;  W.  L. 
Moody,  treasurer,  Galveston ;  H.  D.  Perky,  director-general,  Galveston  ;  Irwin  Mahon,  general 
manager,  Galveston ;  R.  B.  Parrott,  Waco ;  W.  C.  Connor,  Dallas ;  J.  S.  Rice,  Hyatt ;  J.  N. 
Browning,  Clarendon ;  Julius  Runge,  Galveston ;  George  Mann,  Galveston ;  John  Adriance, 
Galveston  ;  Walter  Gresham,  Galveston. 

UTAH — R.  C.  Chambers,  president,  Salt  Lake  City  ;  Richard  Mackintosh,  vice-president, 
Salt  Lake  City  ;  E.  A.  McDaniel,  secretary,  Ogden ;  Heber  M.  Wells,  treasurer,  Salt  Lake  City; 
N.  A.  Empy,  executive  commissioner,  Salt  Lake  City. 

VERMONT — H.  H.  Mclntyre,  general  agent,  West  Randolph  ;  the  Governor,  ex-officio. 

VIRGINIA — A.  S.  Buford,  president,  Richmond;  John  L.  Hurt, vice-president,  Hurt's  Store; 
T.  C.  Morton,  secretary,  1103  East  Main  street,  Richmond ;  M.  S.  Quarles,  treasurer,  Rich- 
mond ;  John  S.  Apperson,  executive  business  commissioner,  Richmond ;  Dr.  A.  Brocken- 
brough,  Chesapeake ;  M.  Glennan,  Norfolk. 

308 


WASHINGTON  —  1ST.  G.  Blalock,  president,  Walla  Walla  ;  S.  B.  Conover,  vice-president,  Port 
Townsend ;  P.  C.  Kauftmann,  secretary,  Tacoma  ;  G.  V.  Calhoun,  executive  commissioner, 
La  Connor;  P.  W.  Rochester,  assistant  executive  commissioner,  Seattle;  L.  R.  Grimes,  Ellens- 
burgh  ;  W.  L.  La  Follette,  Pullman  ;  T.  H.  Cavanaugh,  Olympia ;  C.  H.  Ballard,  Conconully. 
Washington  Board  of  Lady  Managers  —  Mrs.  Alice  Hough  ton,  president,- Spokane  ;  Mrs.  C.  W. 
Griggs,  secretary,  Tacoma  ;  Mrs.  M.  D.  Owings,  Olympia ;  Mrs.  Josephine  Ettinger,  Palouse 
City. 

AVEST  VIRGINIA  —  W.  N.  Chancellor,  president,  Parkersburg;  M.  C.  McKay,  secretary,  Park- 
ersburg;  George  M.  Bowers,  treasurer,  Martinsburg ;  R.  S.  Carr,  Charleston;  John  S.  Naylor, 
Wheeling;  Sidney  Raymond,  Quiet  Dell. 

•  WISCONSIN  —  A.  Ledyard  Smith,  president,  Appleton  ;  Hugh  H.  Price,  vice-president,  Black 
River  Falls;  Charles  W. 'Graves,  secretary,  Viroqua  ;  John  H.  Savage,  treasurer,  Shullsburgh; 
Robert  B.  Kirkland,  executive  commissioner,  Jefferson  ;  Philip  Allen,  Jr.,  Mineral  Point;  Mrs. 
John  Winans,  Janesville ;  Harry  B.Sanderson,  Milwaukee;  Mrs.  George  C.  Ginty,  Chippewa 
Falls ;  Mrs.  W.  P.  Lynde,  Milwaukee;  John  M.  Coburn,  West  Salem;  William  Rahr,  Manitowoc. 

WYOMING  —  John  S.  Harper,  president  Sundace;  Elwood  Mead,  secretary,  Cheyenne  ;  John 
McCormick,  treasurer,  Sheridan;  Frank  O.  Williams,  Saratoga;  L.  D.  Ricketts,  Cheyenne. 


MISS     JESSIE     COUTHOUI, 
Who  read  the  "  Poem  of  the  Prophecy." 


309 


~  * 


310 


311 


THE    VIKING. 


THE     WINDMILL     EXHIBIT. 


313 


314 


315 


INDIAN      HUTS.  • 

PALACE     MECHANIC     ARTS. 

CONVENT     LA    RABIDA. 

316 


317 


318 


INDEX 


Ackerman,  W.  K 274 

Adams,  Milward 244 

Administration  bldg 13 

Administration    bldg.,   east 

front 69 

Agricultural  bldg 13,  33 

Agricultural   bldg.,   electric 

fountain 79 

Agricultural     bldg.,     north 

front 221 

Agricultural  bldg.,  interior.  258 

Allen,  Edwin 287 

Aguilera.  Charles 7 

Archeology  and  Ethnology 

bldg 131 

Arkansas  bldg 123 

Art  Gallery 91 

Avenue  of  State  bldgs 237 

Harbour,  George  H  . . . . 287 

Bird's-eye  view,  east  half...  276 
Bird's-eye  view,  west  half. . .  277 
Bird's-eye  view,  from  top  of 

Manufactures  bldg 305 

Bonney,  Chas.  C 68 

Brazil  bldg 126 

Bryan,  Thomas  B 285 

Burleigh,  Mrs.  Edwin 185 

Burnliam,  D.  H. ,  Director  of 

Works   243 

Boushareen,  Group  of 234 

Cairo,  Street  in 232 

California  State  bldg 9 

Canadian  bldg 129 

Caravels  of  Columbus 168 

Carlisle,  W.  K 274 

Ceylon  bldg 128 

Chicago  Hussars 225 

Chiefs  of  Departments 300 

City  decorations 249 

Cleveland,  Grover 269 

Cliff  Dwellers,  The 46 

Coates,  George  F 284 

Cold  Storage  bldg 317 

Coleman,  Mrs.  Laura 185 

Colonnades  of  the  Peristyle.    23 

Colorado  bldg 109 

Columbia  bldg 125 

Columbus,  Christopher 4 

Columbus,  Christopher,  Son 

of  Duke  of  Veragua 7 

Columbus,  Peter,  son  of  Mar- 
quis of  Bariboles 7 

Columbus,    Pilar,    daughter 

of  Duke  of  Veragua 7 

Columbian  Fountain 31 

Columbian    Fountain,  Elec- 
tricity bldg 51 

Commissioners,  State  ...288, 

289,  290 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Commissioners,  Lady  ...291, 

292,  293 

Connecticut  bldg 121 

Convent  La  Rabida 9,  316 

Costa  Rica  bldg 125 

Court  of  Honor,  The 11 

Croffut,  W.  A 267 

Culp,  E.  C 285 

Davis,  George  R ' 21 1 

Dedicatory  Ball  at  Audito- 
rium, The  190 

Dedicatory    Ceremonies    in 

Manufactures  bldg 315 

Delaware  bldg 113 

Depew,  Chauncey  M 167 

Dickinson,  John  T 285 

Directors 296,  297,  298,  299 

Dome,  Entrance  to  Manufac- 
tures bldg 138 

Duke  and  Duchess  of  Vera- 
gua       5 

East  Indies 127 

Edmonds,  H.  0 274 

Egyptian  Temple 236 

Egyptian  Dancing  Girls 232 

Electricity     bldg.,     looking 

north    223 

Electricity  bldg.,  south  end.    50 

Electricity  bldg 77 

Ellsworth,  James  W 285 

Eulalia,  Princess 166 

Ewing,A.  T 287 

Fearn,  W 238 

Ferris,  G.  W.  G  192 

Ferris  Wheel 193 

Fireworks  on  the  Lake 189 

Fisheries  bldg 52,  93 

Fisheries  bldg.,  general  view 

in  background 49 

Florida  bldg 121 

Forestry  bldg 85 

Fowler,  Bishop 68 

French  bldg 128 

French  bldg.,  section 107 

Gautemala  bldg 130 

German  bldg 125 

Gibbons,  J.  Cardinal 169 

Glimpses  of  the  Wooded  Is- 
land   250 

Goff ,  Lyman  B 284 

Great  Britain  bldg ...  126 

Groner,  V.  D 287 

Haine,  J.  W 284 

Handy,  Moses  P 238 

Harrison,  Hon.  Benjamin...  165 
Harrison,  Mayor  Carter  H..  170 

Harrison,  Mrs.  Russell  B 185 

Haytibldg 130 

Henrotin,  Chas 285 

319 


Henrotin,  Mrs.  Chas 188 

Higinbotham,  Harlow  N  . . . .  194  ' 

Hodges,  James 287 

Horticultural  bldg 87,  305 

Idaho  bldg Ill 

Illinois  State  bldg 227 

Indiana  State  bldg 109 

Indian  Huts 316 

In  the  Court  of  Honor 45 

Iowa  bldg 121 

Ireland,  Archbishop  John  . .  169 

Japanese  Temple 131 

Javanese,  Group  of 236 

Javanese  Village 236 

Kansas  bldg 109 

Kentucky  bldg 123 

Keogh,  Thomas  B 287 

Kerfoot,  W.D 286 

Ketcham,  Win.  P 285 

Krupp  Gun  exhibit 132 

Krupp  Gun  exhibit,  interior.  132 
Lagoon,  looking  north  from 

Machinery  Hall 29 

Lagoon,  view  from  Wooded 

Island 233 

Lawrence,  E.  F 286 

Leather  and  Shoe  bldg 81 

Louisiana  State  bldg 304 

Machinery  Hall 13,  231 

Maine  bldg 117 

Manufactures  bldg 229 

Manufactures    bldg.,    south 

end 213 

Manufactures  bldg.,  interior  215 
Manufactures    and   Liberal 

Arts  bldg 27,71 

Map  of  Grounds 318 

Marquis  of  Bariboles,  The..      7 
Marquis  of  Villilobar,  The. .      7 

Maryland  bldg 115 

Massachusetts  bldg 119 

McLa  ws,  Lafayette 284 

Michigan  bldg 121 

MidwayPlaisance.OldVienna  158 

Miles,  Gen.  Nelson  A 212 

Military  Parade 313 

Mines  and  Mining  bldg 75 

Mines  and  Mining  bldg.,  in- 
terior       47 

Minnesota  bldg...., 123 

Missouri  bldg   115 

Mitchell,  Mrs.  R.  B 185 

Monroe,  Miss  Harriet 164 

Montana  bldg 109 

Moore,  H.  B 284 

Morton,  Hon.  Lev!  P 165 

Mount  Ranier 309 

Music  Hall 15 

Nebraska  bldg 117 


New  Hampshire  bldg 115 

New  Jersey  bldg 115 

New  South  Wales  bldg 127 

New  York  State  bldg 108 

North  Dakota 117 

Norway 127 

Ohio  State  bldg 113 

Palace  of  Mechanic  Arts.  .25, 

95,  316 

Palmer,  Thomas  W 211 

Palmer,  Bertha  Honor6 155 

Pennsylvania  State  bldg 108 

Peristyle,  The 15,  21 

Phelps,  Erskine 238 

Pier 295 

Platt,  Harvey  P 284 

Princess    Eulalia  —  in    Mid- 
way Plaisance 235 

Railway  Terminal  bldg 73 

Republic,  Statue  of 15,  229 

Revell,  A.  H 286 

Rhode  Island  bldg 119 

Rice,  F.  Willis 266 

Root,  John  W 243 

Ruins  of  Yucatan 44 

Schwab,  Chas.  H 286 


Scott,  James  W 244 

Selfridge,  H.  G 244 

Sewell,  Wm.  J 284 

Smith,  W.  A 238 

Soudanese  and  Nubians 232 

South  Dakota 119 

South  Sea  Islanders 234 

Spanish  bldg 130 

Swedish  bldg 129 

Territorial  bldg Ill 

Texas  bldg Ill 

Thomas,  Theodore 212 

Thorpe,  John 274 

Towsley,  Orson  V 284 

Transportation  bldg 83 

Transportation    bldg.,    En- 
trance Golden  Arch 48 

Turkey    130 

Turkish  Sedan  Chairs 236 

Turner,  Col.  Henry  L 267 

United     States     Battleship 

''Illinois  " 219 

United  States  Government 

bldg 311 

Utah  bldg 123 

Venezuela  bldg 127 


Vermont  bldg 117 

Viking  312 

Virginia  bldg 113 

Wacker,  C.  H 286 

Washburne,  Mayor 170 

Washington  bldg ill 

Watterson,  Hon.  Henry 167 

West  Virginia  119 

Widener,  P.  A.  B 285 

Windmill  exhibit 312 

Wisconsin  bldg 113 

Woman's  bldg 89 

Wooded  Island  and  Lagoon.  217 
Yerkes,  Chas.  T 286 

LETTERS. 

Letter— Chief  Justice  Fuller  22 
"  President  Cleveland  268 
''  Duke  of  Veragua  . . .  8 
"  Invitation  to  Grover 

Cleveland 257 

Pope  Leo  XIII 209 

"        M.  Davitt 310 

L.  P.  Morton  314 

"        J.  J.  Ingalls 314 


Acceptance  Buildings— Presi- 
dent Higinbotham 151 

Address— Mrs. Potter  Palmer  152 
Address— Director  -  General 

Davis..  261 

Address  of  Welcome — Mayor 

Washburne 141 

Administration  bldg.,  The  ..    66 

Agricultural  bldg 62 

Arrival  of  Liberty  Bell  273 

Benediction — Rev.  Henry  C. 

McCook,  D.  D 188 

Children's  bldg. ,  The 67 

City  Decorations. 247 

Civic  Celebrations 245 

Cleveland — President,    Ad- 
dress     .  265 

Columbian  Oration— Chaun- 

cey  M.  Depe w 177 

Commemoration  Ode 143 

Dedicatory  Address— Levi  P. 

Morton 161 

Dedicatory  Ceremonies,  The  133 
Dedicatory     Oration  —  Hon. 

Henry  Watterson 171 

Electrical  bldg.,  The 64 

Fellowship  Club  Dinner, The  253 


BEADING  MATTER. 

Ferris  Wheel 191 

Fine  Arts  bldg.,  The 60 

Fisheries  bldg. ,  The 59 

Foreign  bldgs 105 

Forestry  bldg.,  The 61 

Government  bldg.,  The 63 

Growth  of  Expositions,  The    17 
Horticultural  bldg.,  The  —    61 
Inaugural  Ceremonies  of  the 
World's  Congress  Auxil- 
iary   195 

Introductory  Address  —  Di- 
rector-General George  R. 

Davis 139 

Machinery  Hall 64 

Manufactures  bldg 59 

Mines  and  Mining  bldg 65 

Naval  Exhibit,  The 66 

Official  Directory 301-30t 

Official  Directory  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Com- 
mission   279 

Official  Directory  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition   294-295 

Official  Directory  State 
boards...  ...306-308 


Opening  the  Exposition 259 

Oration— Archbishop  Ireland  198 

Poem  of  the  Prophecy 261 

Prayer— Bishop  Charles   H. 

Fowler 135 

Prayer— His  Eminence  Car- 
dinal Gibbons 186 

Presentation  of  bldgs. — Hon. 

Thomas  W.  Palmer 159 

Presentation  of  Master  Ar- 
tists—D.  H.  Burnham 150 

President's  Proclamation.. .  56 
Reception  at  Auditorium....  239 
Reception  and  Ball  —  Col. 

Henry  L.  Turner 251 

State  bldgs 97, 98,  99, 100, 

101,  102,  103,  104 
Tender  of  the  bldgs.— Presi- 
dent Higinbotham 157 

Terminal  bldg. ,  The 97 

Transportation  bldg.,  The  ..    62 
Welcoming  the  Duke  of  Ver- 
agua    271 

Woman's  bldg.,  The 61 

World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion, The  M.   53 


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